ION EXCHANGE RESINS

PRINCIPLES

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Principles 1
ION EXCHANGE RESINS

Ion Exchange

Principles

Ion exchange resin properties

Applications

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Principles 2

Principles

Structure of Ion Exchange Resins

An ion exchanger consists of the polymer matrix and the
functional groups that interact with the ions

Polymer matrix:
Polystyrene
Polyacrylate
Phenol-formaldehyde

Functional groups:
Cation-exchange
Anion-exchange
Chelating groups

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Principles 3

Polystyrene matrix

DVB

Styrene

Cross-linked polystyrene

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Principles 4

Other types of ion-exchange

resins

Thiol

-SH

Aminodiacetic acid

-CH2N(CH2COOH)2

Aminophosphonic acid -CH2NHCH2CH2PO3H

N-Methylglucamine

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

-CH2N-(CHOH)4CH2OH
CH3

Principles 5

Polyacrylic matrix

CH2
CH

CH2
CH

COOCH3

CH2

CH2
CH
COOCH3

CH

Cross-linked polyacrylate

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Principles 6

Strongly Acidic Cation

exchange resins

SO3H

SO3H

SO3H

Sulfonic group

SO3H

SO3H

SO3H

Amberjet 1200 H, Amberlite IR120 H

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Principles 7

Weakly Acidic Cation

exchange resins

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH

COOH

COOH

COOH

Amberlite IRC86

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Principles 8

Anion exchange resins

CH2
CH

CH2
CH

CH2Cl

CH2
CH

CH2Cl

Chloromethylation

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Principles 9

Strongly anionic resins

Type 1

CH2
CH

CH2
CH

CH3
CH3

CH2
CH

CH2
N+ ClCH3

CH3
CH3

CH2
N+ ClCH3

Amberlite IRA 402 Cl, Amberjet 4200 Cl

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Principles 10

Strongly anionic resin

Type 2
CH2
CH

CH2
CH

CH3
CH3

CH2
CH

CH2
N+ ClCH2
CH2OH

CH3
CH3

CH2
N+ ClCH2
CH2OH

Amberlite IRA410 Cl, Amberjet 4600 Cl

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Principles 11

Polystyrene weakly anionic

resin

CH2
CH

CH2
CH

CH3
CH3

CH2
CH

CH2
N:

CH3
CH3

CH2
N:

Amberlite IRA96
2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Principles 12

Polyacrylic anion resins

CH2
CH

CH2
CH

C
O

NHCH2CH2N

CH3
CH3

Amberlite IRA67

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

CH3Cl
or (CH3)2SO4

CH

CH

CH3 ClNHCH2CH2N+-CH3
CH3

Amberlite IRA458 Cl

Principles 13

Secondary cross-linking

CH2
CH

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH2
CH

Cl

CH2

+HCl

H
CH

CH
CH2

CH

CH
CH2

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

CH2

CH2

Principles 14

Tertiary crosslinking

CH2
CH

CH2

CH2
CH

CH

CH2

CH

Cl

CH2

CH3 N CH3
CH2

CH

CH
CH2

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

CH2

CH2

CH3

ClN+ CH3
CH2

CH

CH
CH2

CH2

Principles 15

Cross-linking and porosity

High
Operating capacity
Mobility of ions (kinetics)

Resistance to oxidation
Difference in ionic affinity
Low
2001 Rohm and Haas Company

DVB

High
Principles 16

Macroporous resins

Pores
Macropore
Macropore

Macropore

Gel matrix

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Macroporous matrix

Principles 17

Total exchange capacity

Fluid To be treated
(Influent)

Resin bed
1 Bed volume (BV)

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Total exchange capacity

(e.g. 2.0 eq/l resin)

Treated fluid
(Effluent)

Principles 18

Operating capacity

Exhausted resin

Bed
Dept
h
0

100

Exhaustion, %

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Reaction zone

Regenerated resin

Principles 19

Cycle end point

Operating
Operating capacity
capacity
1.2
1.2 eq/l
eq/l resin
resin
Exhausted resin

Reaction zone
0
100
Exhaustion, %

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Leakage

Regenerated resin

Principles 20

Co-flow regeneration
Regenerant

Liquid to
be treated

Eluate

(spent regenerant)
2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Leakage
Principles 21

Counter-flow regeneration
Liquid to
be treated

Eluate

(spent
regenerant)

Clean
polishing
zone

Regenerant
2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Principles 22

Particle size of standard resins

Gaussian distribution
Number of beads
between sieves

0
< 315

315
400

400
500

500
630

630
800

800
1000

1000
1250

> 1250

Particle size range in m

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Principles 23

Effective size and uniformity

coefficient
99.9

Gaussian-logarithmic plot

% Volume passing through sieve

99
90

60
50
40

10

U.C.=
/ d 10
U.C.= d
d60
60 / d10
Mean Diameter (d50)
Effective size (d10)

1
0.1

On graph:
d10 = 0.48 mm
d50 = 0.74 mm
d60 = 0.78 mm
UC = 1.62

d10
0.2

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

0.3

0.4

0.6

d60
0.8

1.2

mm

Principles 24

Moisture holding capacity

Moisture content % H2O

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0

10

12

14

16

18

20

% cross-linking (DVB)

Gel type sulfonic polystyrene resins

2001 Rohm and Haas Company

Principles 25