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Eric G. Paterson
Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering
The Pennsylvania State University
Spring 2005
Note to Instructors
These slides were developed1, during the spring semester 2005, as a teaching aid for the
undergraduate Fluid Mechanics course (ME33: Fluid Flow) in the Department of Mechanical
and Nuclear Engineering at Penn State University. This course had two sections, one taught by
myself and one taught by Prof. John Cimbala. While we gave common homework and exams,
we independently developed lecture notes. This was also the first semester that Fluid
Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications was used at PSU. My section had 93 students
and was held in a classroom with a computer, projector, and blackboard. While slides have
been developed for each chapter of Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, I
used a combination of blackboard and electronic presentation. In the student evaluations of my
course, there were both positive and negative comments on the use of electronic presentation.
Therefore, these slides should only be integrated into your lectures with careful consideration of
your teaching style and course objectives.
Eric Paterson
Penn State, University Park
August 2005
This Chapter was not covered in our class. These slides have been developed at the request of McGraw-Hill
Objectives
Appreciate the consequences of
compressibility in gas flows
Understand why a nozzle must have a
diverging section to accelerate a gas to
supersonic speeds
Predict the occurrence of shocks and
calculate property changes across a
shock wave
Understand the effects of friction and
heat transfer on compressible flows
ME33 : Fluid Flow
Stagnation Properties
Recall definition of enthalpy
Stagnation Properties
Steady adiabatic flow through
duct with no shaft/electrical
work and no change in
elevation and potential energy
Stagnation Properties
If a fluid were brought to a complete stop (V2 = 0)
Stagnation Properties
If the process is also reversible,
the stagnation state is called the
isentropic stagnation state.
Stagnation enthalpy is the same
for isentropic and actual
stagnation states
Actual stagnation pressure P0,act is
lower than P0 due to increase in
entropy s as a result of fluid
friction.
Nonetheless, stagnation
processes are often approximated
to be isentropic, and isentropic
properties are referred to as
stagnation properties
Stagnation Properties
For an ideal gas, h = CpT, which allows the h0 to be
rewritten
Stagnation Properties
When using stagnation enthalpies, there is no
need to explicitly use kinetic energy in the
energy balance.
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cancel
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Neglect
H.O.T.
cancel
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cancel
Neglect
H.O.T.
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Since
R is constant
k is only a function of T
Speed of sound is only
a function of
temperature
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Flow regimes
classified in terms of
Ma
Ma = 1 : Sonic
Ma > 1 : Supersonic
Ma >> 1 : Hypersonic
Ma 1 : Transonic
ME33 : Fluid Flow
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Consider example of
Converging-Diverging
Duct
ME33 : Fluid Flow
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Using thermodynamic
relations and rearranging
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dA/dV < 0
dA/dV > 0
dA/dV = 0
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2. Pb = PC
Sonic flow achieved at throat.
Diverging section acts as
diffuser. Subsonic flow at exit.
Further decrease in Pb has no
effect on flow in converging
portion of nozzle
ME33 : Fluid Flow
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4. PE > Pb > 0
3. Flow in diverging section is
supersonic with no shock forming in
the nozzle. Without shock, flow in
nozzle can be treated as isentropic.
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Conservation of energy
Conservation of momentum
Increase in entropy
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Ma1,n = V1,n/c1
Ma2,n = V2,n/c2
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We will focus on 1D flow in a duct of constant crosssectional area with negligible frictional effects
ME33 : Fluid Flow
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X-Momentum equation
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Entropy change
In absence of irreversibilities such as friction, entropy changes
by heat transfer only
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X-Momentum equation
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Entropy change
In absence of irreversibilities such as friction, entropy changes
by heat transfer only
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