Dental Cements

DENTAL CEMENTS
Presented by;
Snehal Sonarkar
Department of conservative dentistry
and endodontics
Terna Dental College.

Nerul, Navi Mumbai.
Content;
Introduction
History
Ideal properties of dental cements
Classification of cements
RDT & Pulpal response

Pulp protecting agents
Cavity varnish
Calcium hydroxide
Zinc oxide eugenol cement
Fluoride releasing cements

Silicate cement
Zinc silicophosphate cement
Glass ionomer cement
Luting agents
Zinc phosphate cement
Zinc polycarboxylate cement
Resin cements
Miscellaneous
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate
Biodentine
I Root BP
Properties of cements
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Variety of cements are used for various purpose.
Different applications make varying demands on
Manipulative properties.
working and setting time.
resistance to mechanical breakdown and
dissolution.
Materials are supplied

powder/liquid form and set by acid-base reaction,
but this is not universally true.
So, in dentistry word cement has been applied,
traditionally to powder/ liquid materials which are

mixed to a paste consistency set to a hardness,
and used clinically to restore teeth and attach
preformed restorations, in or on the teeth.
History
Period of mechanical improvement
AD 1050 to 1122 - according to the Arabian
author Rhazes.
Carious teeth were filled with ground mastic, alum,
and honey or other substances.
Riviere (1589) mentioned Oil of cloves (eugenol)

applicable to dental operations, but may have been
used earlier (1562) by Ambroise Pare to alleviate

toothache.
Craigs Restorative dental materials. 12th ed
1860 Zinc oxychloride (filling and cementing
medium).
1879 Zinc phosphate was introduced
1908 Silicate cement was introduced in US.
Cruder
forms were used in europe in late 1800.
1947 direct filling methyl methacrylate
Journal of History of Dentistry 2005;July, 53(2):63-72.
1960-70s Pit & fissure sealant introduced.

1970s - polycarboxylate
1971 Wilson & kent introduced GIC.
1993- Torabinejad introduced MTA
2008 Prof. Abbot introduced Biodentine.
Definition
Cement
Substance that hardens to act as a base, liner, filling material,
or adhesive to bind devices and prostheses to tooth structure

or to each other. (Phillips)
A non metallic material used for luting, filling permanent or
temporary restorative purposes, made by mixing components

into a plastic mass that sets or as an adherent sealer in
attaching various dental restorations in or on the tooth. (Craig)
Ideal Properties of DENTAL CEMENTS

1. Well adapted to living dental tissues
2. Non- toxic and non-irritant
3. Anticariogenic qualities
4. Low viscosity and film thickness reach areas
between restoration and tooth.

5. Resistant against mastication forces and pulling
forces formed through the effect of gummy foods
Contemporary Permanent Luting Agents Used in Dentistry: A Literature Review

Ebru SMER, Yaln DEER(Int Dent Res 2011;1:26-31)
6. Mechanical properties meet the requirements for

particular application.
7. Sufficient light transparency.
8. Heat insulation to protect living tooth from thermal
effects.
9. sufficient working time and be easy to manipulate.
10. Bond to hard dental tissues.
Contemporary Permanent Luting Agents Used in Dentistry: A Literature
Review Ebru SMER, Yaln DEER(Int Dent Res 2011;1:26-31)
11. Long shelf-life.

12. Antibacterial property
13. Biocompatible.
14. Chemically compatible with pulp and restorative material.
15. Should not discolor tooth and restorative material.
16. Should stabilize or diminish dentin permeability.
Operative Dentistry: Modern theory and practice. MA Marzouk. 2004
CLASSIFICATION
Classification..
According to Phillips
Fluoride-Releasing
Cements for DirectFilling Restorations
Cements as Luting
Agents
Agents for Pulp

Protection
Silicate
Zinc phopshate
Cavity varnishes
Zinc Silicophosphate ZOE
Cavity liners
Glass ionomer
Cement bases
Zinc polycarboxylate
Glass ionomer
Resin- modified glass
ionomer
Compomer
Resin cements
Phillips Science of dental material. 11th ed. 2002
Classification..
According to reaction
Acid Base Reaction
Light / Chemical
Light / Chemical
activated
activated
polymerization and
polymerization
acid base reaction
Zinc Phosphate cement
Resin modified glass
Compomers
ionomer cement
Resin cement.
cement
Zinc oxide- eugenol
cement
Glass ionomer
Phillipscement
Science of dental material. 11th ed. 2002
Classification..
According to ingredients & application By Craig

Water based cements
Application
Glass and resin
Class 5 restorations
modified glass
Retention of alloy restorations
ionomer cement
Retention of alumina or zirconia based all

ceramic restoration
Retention of orthodontic bands
Provisional restorations
Zinc Polyacrylate
Retention of alloy restorations

Retention of pediatric stainless steel crown
Zinc phosphate
Retention of conventional restorations

Craigs Restorative dental material. 12th ed. 2006
Classification..
Resin-Based cements
Application
Composites and
Bonded conventional crowns and bridges,
Adhesive resins
veneers, inlays, and onlays

Bonded laboratory composites crowns and
bridges, veneers, inlays, and onlays.
Bonded posts and cores.
Retention of provisional restorations
Retention of orthodontics bands
Compomers
Bonded conventional alloy based restoration

Retention of alumina or zirconia-based all
ceramic restoration.
Retention of orthodontic brackets
High-strength bases
Classification..
Oil-based cements
Application
Zinc Oxide eugenol
High-strength bases
Root canal sealers
Gingival tissue packs
Surgical dressings
Noneugenol-Zinc oxide
Root canal sealers
Gingival tissue packs
Surgical dressings
Classification..
According to OBrien
OBrien classified dental cements by matrix bond type
OBrien Dental material and their selection. 3rd ed. 2003
Classification..
Type of
matrix
bond
Class of cement
Phosphate Zinc phosphate
Formulation
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
phosphate
phosphate fluoride
phosphate copper oxide/salts
phosphate silver salts
Zinc silico-phosphate Zinc silicophosphate

Zinc silicophosphate mercury salts
Phenolate
Zinc oxide-eugenol
Zinc oxide-eugenol
Zinc oxide-eugenol polymer
Zinc oxide-eugenol EBA/alumina
Calcium hydroxide
salicylate
Calcium hydroxide salicylate
Classification..
Type of matrix
bond
Class of
cement
Polycarboxylate
Zinc
polycarboxylate Zinc polycarboxylate fluoride
Dimethacrylate
Formulation
Glass ionomer
Calcium aluminum polyalkenoate

Calcium aluminum polyalkenoate
polymethacrylate
Acrylic Poly
(methyl
methacrylate)
Dimethacrylate unfilled
Dimethacrylate filled
Adhesive
4-META
Polycarboxylate
Hybrid
& Dimethacrylate ionomers
Self cured Light cured
Classification..
According to Sturdevants
Traditional
ceramic
dental
cement
Abbrevi
ations
Liquid
compon
ent
Powder
component
Reaction product matrix
Unmodified
ZOE
ZOE
Eugenol
ZnO
Crystalline zinc eugenolate
Resin
reinforced ZOE
R-ZOE
Eugenol
ZnO, polymer, Crystalline zinc eugenolate

resin
EBA- modified
ZOE
ZOE-EBA
Eugenol,
EBA
ZnO, Al2O3,
polymer
Crystalline zinc eugenolate

Crystalline zinc
ethoxybenzoate
Zinc phosphate
ZP
H3PO4,
H2O
ZnO
Crystalline tertiary zinc

phosphate
Silicate
SC
H3PO4,
H2O
F-Al-Silicate
glass
Amorphous silico phosphate
Zinc
silicophosphate
ZSP
H3PO4,
H2O
F-Al-Silicate
glass, ZnO
Amorphous silico phosphate

Crystalline tertiary zinc
phosphate
Sturdevants Art and Science of dental materials. 5th ed. 2006
Polymer
based
dental
cement
Abbr Liquid
eviati compone
ons
nt
Powder
compone
nt
Reaction product matrix
Polycarboxyl
ate
PC
PAA, H2O
ZnO
Amorphous zinc
polyacrylate gel
Conventional GI
GI
PAA, H2O
F-AlSilicate
glass
Amorphous
aluminopolyacrylate gel
Resin
modified GI
RMGI
PAA, H2O,
water
soluble
monomers
F-AlSilicate
glass
Amorphous
aluminopolyacrylate gel,
cross linked polymer
Compomer
CM
Monomers
F-AlSilicate
glass
Amorphous cross linked

polymer,
aluminolpolyacrylate gel
Composite
(or resin)
CP
Monomers
Silicate
glass
Amorphous cross linked

polymer
Classification..
Donovan classified as;

Conventional
Zinc phosphate,
Polycarboxylate,
Glass Ionomer
Contemporary
Resin-modified glass ionomers,
Resin based
Donovan TE, Cho GC. Contemporary evaluation of dental cements. Compend

Contin Educ Dent 1999;20(3):197219. taken from
Dental Cements for Definitive Luting: A Review and Practical Clinical
Considerations. Edward E. Hill, Dent Clin N Am 51 (2007) 643658
According to function
Function
Cements
Final cementation of
completed restorations
Zinc phosphate, Zinc Silicophosphate,

reinforced ZOE, Zinc polycarboxylate,
Glass ionomer
Temporary cementation of
completed restorations or
cementation of temporary
restoration
ZOE, noneugenol ZO
High strength bases
Zinc phosphate, reinforced ZOE, Zinc

Polycarboxylate, Glass ionomer
Temporary fillings
Zinc phosphate, reinforced ZOE, Zinc

Polycarboxylate
Low strength bases
ZOE, Calcium hydroxide
Liners
Calcium hydroxide in suspension
Varnishes
Resin in solvent
Classification of intermediary bases

Varnishes
A solution of natural gum, synthetic resins, or rosins
dissolved in a volatile solvent, such as acetone, ether, or

chloroform. (Phillips)
Liner
Thin layer of cement, such as a calcium hydroxide suspension in an
aqueous or resin carrier (after evaporation), used for protection of

the pulp; certain glass ionomer cements that are used as an
intermediate layer between tooth structure and composite
restorative material are also considered liners. (Phillips)
Subbases
Therapeutic material placed in deep portions of
cavity
Posses specific pharmacological action.
Base
A layer of insulating, sometimes medicated, cement
placed in deep portion of the preparation to protect pulpal

tissue from thermal and chemical injury.
Function of base
The function of the cement base is to promote recovery
of the injured pulp and to protect it against further

insult.
The base serves as a thermal insulator and replaces
missing dentin when it is used under the metallic

restoration.
Galvanic shock and chemical irritation.
Resist fracture under masticatory loads.
Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. RALPH E. McDONALD. 8th ed.
Phillips Science Of Dental Materials. 11th ed.
Pulp protection
Chemical protection
Electrical protection
Thermal protection
Pulpal medication
Schematic view of need for pulpal

protection.(Sturdevant 5th ed)
Mechanical protection
Schematic examples of use of liners and bases for amalgam restoration.

A Shallow amalgam tooth preparation, varnish or sealer applied to
walls.
B Moderate depth tooth preparation liners may be placed for thermal
protection and pulpal medication
C deep preparation light cured calcium hydroxide is placed in deepest
region in which infected dentin was excavated. Base- glass
ionomer.
Remaining dentin thickness

Importance of maximizing the RDT beneath cavity
preparations in reducing pulpal damage has long

been established.
Preserving the Vital Pulp in Operative Dentistry: 3. Thickness of Remaining

cavity Dentine as a Key Mediator of Pulpal Injury and Repair Responses.
PETER E. MURRAY, PHILIP J. LUMLEY AND ANTHONY J. SMITH. Dental Update
May 2002
Pulp protecting agents..
Minimal cavity RDT that does not cause unequivocal
pulp injury have been decreasing:

Stanley (1984) - RDT of 2 mm.
Pameijer, Stanley and Ecker (1991) RDT of 1 mm or
more would protect the pulp tissue from the cytotoxic

effects of luting process

May 2002
RDT <0.3 mm persistent pulp inflammation
(pulpitis)
Studies RDTs between 0.25 mm and 0.50 mm.

May 2002
Ability materials tested to maintain odontoblast
survival with RDT below 0.5 mm was as follows:

calcium hydroxide 100%;
polycarboxylate 81.1%;
zinc oxide eugenol 78.4%;
composite resin 74.2%;
enamel-bonded resin 48.3%;
resin-modified glass ionomer 43.1%.
May 2002
Mechanisms to stimulate formation of reactionary dentin:

cavity preparation trauma;
restorative dental procedures;
operator hand instrumentation;
pathogenic diseases;
caries;
attrition;
erosion;
chemicals;
restorative materials; and
bacterial microleakage.
Dental Update May 2002
The rank order of reactionary dentine secreted in
preparations with an RDT below 0.5 mm was:

calcium hydroxide;
composite resin;
resin-modified glass ionomers;
zinc oxide eugenol;
polycarboxylate.
Dental Update May 2002
Light micrograph of a dentin
bridge that has formed between

a material and the pulp in a
monkey.
Initially, the pulp of the tooth was purposely exposed (top right)
with a bur.
The exposure was covered with a calcium hydroxide pulp-capping
agent for 5 weeks before histological evaluation.

A layer of secondary dentin has formed at the site of the pulp
exposure, forming a dentin bridge.

Some inflammatory cells are evident under the bridge, but the
pulpal response is generally favourable.
Remaining dentin thickness calculation
Effective depth in radiograph

enamel thickness in radiograph
Actual effective depth =
actual effective depth

actual enamel thickness
Effective depth in radiograph x actual

enamel thickness
Enamel thickness in radiograph.
Other methods for calculation of RDT

Ultrasonic pulse-echo techniques may allow for such a
determination of RDT.
A Plastic delay line, B retaining sleev, C- Ultrosonic transducer,

D electrical connector
In Vitro and In Vivo Measurement of Remaining Dentin Thickness. Hatton JF,
Pashley DH, Shunk J, Stewart GP. J Endod;1994:20;12:580-84

Cavity varnish
Calcium hydroxide
Zinc oxide eugenol cement
Agents for pulp protection

Metallic restorations, which are excellent thermal
conductors thermal sensitivity during drinking of

hot and cold foods or beverages
Cavity varnishes, liners, and bases are used as
adjuncts.
Phillips Science Of Dental Materials. 11thed.
Pulp protection procedure

(Medicament/liner/ sealer)
Material
Shallow
excavation (RDT
>2mm)
Moderate
Deep
excavation
Excavation
(RDT 0.5-2mm) (RDT<0.5mm)
Amalgam
No/no/sealer
No/base/ sealer
CH/base/sealer
Composite
No/no/DBS
No/no/DBS
CH/no/DBS
Gold inlays
and onlays
No/no/cement
No/base/cement
CH/base/cement
Ceramic
No/no/DBS, CC
No/no/DBS, CC
CH/no/DBS, CC
Sealer GLUMA. Base vitrebond cement RMGI

CC composite cement. CH dycal liner. DBS dentin bonding system.
Cavity varnish
Definition;
A solution of natural gum, synthetic resins, or rosins dissolved
in a volatile solvent, such as acetone, ether, or chloroform.

(Phillips)
A cavity varnish is used to provide a barrier against the
passage of irritants from cements or other restorative

materials and to reduce the penetration of oral fluids at the
restoration-tooth interface into the underlying dentin. (Craigs)
Phillips Science of Dental material 11th ed 2003
Composition;
Resins
Medicinal agents
Volatile solvents
natural gums, synthetic

resins, or rosin.
(Copal and nitrated
cellulose natural gum
and synthetic resin).
chlorobutanol, thymol,
and eugenol
evaporate quickly
leaving a thin resin film.
Liners
Solution liners varnishes 2-5m
Thin layer 2-5 m is formed
Suspension liners 20-25 m
Thick layer 20-25 m
Applied thin consistency

Using brush or a small pledget of cotton or sable
hair brush.
Disposable applicator be used and discarded
Solvent loss occurs 8-10sec (Sturdevants)
Small cotton pledget

formed by few fibres bent
over on themselves.
Small cotton applicator prepared on

long handled endodontic file or reamer
bent in angle.
Principles and practice of operative dentistry. Charbeneau. 2nd ed.1981.
First layer dries small pinholes usually develop.

55% of surface is covered (Sturdevants)
A second or third application fills in most of
these voids.
80-85% of surface is covered. (Sturdevants)
Copalite varnish partially occluding dentinal tubule
SEM two layer of varnish
SEM one layer of varnish
Application
Dentinal surfaces to minimize the penetration of acid from zinc
phosphate cements.
Enamel and dentinal walls to reduce the penetration of oral fluids
around metallic restorations.

Retard penetration discolored corrosion products from dental
amalgam into dentin.

Cavity varnish is applied to the dentinal walls of those tubules in
direct contact with the pulp when a base of zinc phosphate cement.
When therapeutic action is expected;

Action - Base or liner
material
Then, cavity varnish is not used on the
underlying dentin.
Varnish - applied over the cement base.
Contraindication
Not used under composite restoration
Bonding agents effectively seal dentinal tubules.
Cavity Liners
Definition;
Thin layer of cement, such as a calcium hydroxide suspension in
an aqueous or resin carrier (after evaporation), used for protection

of the pulp; certain glass ionomer cements that are used as an
intermediate layer between tooth structure and composite
restorative material are also considered liners. (Phillips)
Also referred as;

Intermediary bases
Pulp-Capping agents
Functions
Accelerates formation of reparative dentin.
Adhesion at tooth restoration interface.
Sealing dentin from influx of microorganism and
irritants.
Materials used;
Calcium hydroxide
Hermann in 1920.
Properties
Antibacterial, antiseptic
Intracanal medicament
Cohens Pathways of Pulp. 10th ed. pg254
Ca(OH)2 mixed with sterile water or saline.

Commercially available as;
Calcium hydroxide
Dycal (Dentsply Caulk, Milford,DE, USA)
Cohens Pathways of Pulp. 10th ed. pg254
Base
Catalyst
Disalicylate (ester of 1,3, butylene glycol) Calcium hydroxide

Calcium phosphate
Ethyl toluenesulfonamide
Calcium tungstate
Zinc sterate
Zinc oxide
Titanium dioxide
Iron oxide
Zinc oxide
Iron oxide
www.dentsplymea.com
Indication
Application to exposed, vital pulp tissue (direct pulp
capping).
Protective barrier between restorative materials and deep
vital dentin (indirect pulp capping)
www.dentsply.com
Manipulation
Dry cavity preparation

Dispense equal volumes of base and catalyst pastes on paper
pad provided.
Thoroughly mixed until a uniform color is achieved.
Mixing ratio Base and catalyst- 1.17gm:1gm
Mixing time -10 seconds.
www.dentsply.com
Place the mix on the exposed pulp and cavity dentin judged
to be less than 1.0mm remaining thickness in a thin layer.

Material thickness - 0.8mm-1mm.
Working time 2min 20seconds
Setting time- 2-3 minute
shorter in the mouth due to moisture and temperature.
www.dentsply.com
Biological property
It can be irritant to pulp.
Depth an effective biological reaction;
100m < healthy reparative reaction.
100m > unhealthy reparative reaction.
Direct contact with pulp chemical necrosis.
Light cured calcium hydroxide

Prisma VLC Dycal - Dentsply Caulk
COMPOSITION
Calcium Hydroxide;
Barium Sulfate;
Urethane Dimethacrylate Resin;
photoinitiator;
stabilizer;
pigments
www.dentsplymea.com
INDICATIONS
Direct pulp capping
Protective barrier between restorative materials and
deep vital dentin (indirect pulp capping).
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Patients who have a history of severe allergic reaction to
methacrylate resins.
www.dentsplymea.com
STEP-BY-STEP DIRECTIONS
Direct Pulp Capping
complete cavity preparation
Rinse the cavity and exposure site
Gently dry preparation with cotton pellet. Avoid
desiccation.
Liner directly on the exposed pulp and cavity dentin
judged to be less than 1mm remaining thickness in

a thin layer.
www.dentsplymea.com
Material thickness should be approximately 0.8mm-1mm.

Light cure spectral output containing 470 nm.
Minimum light output must be at least 300mW/cm2
exposure for at least 20 seconds.

Remove any material excess from retention areas,
enamel, and/or margins with a sharp spoon excavator or

a bur.
Pulp vitality assessed in next appointment
www.dentsplymea.com
Properties of liners
Calcium hydroxide
ZnO cements
Lining deep cavities/ Direct

pulp capping
In deep cavities to retard

penetration of acids and reduce
discomfort to pulp
Antibacterial action
Zinc Oxide and Eugenol based

Formulated as;
Powder and liquid
Two paste system
Craigs. Restorative Dental Material. 12th ed
Indication
Temporary cement
Thermal insulating base
Root canal filling
COMPOSITION
Powder
Function
Gm
(Phillips
7th ed)
Weight(%)
(Craig
12th ed)
Zinc oxide
70gm
69
Principal ingredient
Rosin
28.5
29.3
Reduce brittleness of set

cement
Zinc
stearate
Plasticizer
Zinc
acetate
0.5
0.7
Improve strength of set

cement
Skinners Science of dental materials. 7th ed.

Craigs restorative dental material. 12th ed
Liquid
Eugenol
Olive oil
(Phillips
7th ed)
(Craig
12th
ed)
Function
85
85
Eugenol with olive oil

act as plasticizer.
15
Formulation and uses by ADA specification no. 30

Types
Uses
Type I
Temporary cementation
Type II
Permanent cementation
Type III
Temporary filling material and

thermal insulating base
Type IV
Cavity liners
Powder
Zinc hydroxide Zinc carbonate
300C
Zinc oxide
Carbonate
300- 500C
Magnesium oxide
Phillip s science of dental material. 7th ed.
Manipulation of ZOE
Powder - incorporated into dispensed amount of liquid
until a suitable consistency is achieved for the

operation.
Considerable amount of powder - incorporated into the
liquid by heavy spatulation with a stiff spatula.

More powder - stronger the cement and the more
viscous the mixed cement.
Bulk of powder incorporated in liquid.

P/L 4:1 or 6:1
Initial step,
mix is thoroughly spatulated, and a series of smaller
amounts is then added until the mix is complete.

mix is thoroughly kneaded with the spatula (a stiff bladed
steel spatula is the most effective type).
Setting reaction
Setting chelation reaction zinc
eugenolate.
Setting reaction - accelerated by increases in
temperature or humidity.
EBA also forms a chelate with zinc oxide, and its
presence allows some crystalline zinc eugenolate to

form, which provides additional strength.
Accelerators
Retarders
Water, alcohol, glacial acetic acid
Glycol/ glycerine
Factors affecting setting time

Incorporating chemical accelerators in mix
Reducing particle size.
Increasing P/L.
Increasing percentage of fillers.
Increasing temperature/ humidity.
Adding water to original mix.
Introducing greater energy in mixing procedure.
Specification requiremment of ZOE and ZnO

noneugenol cements
Other properties
Least amount of shrinkage 0.1% by volume.
CTE 11 ppm/C
Biological properties
Least irritating to pulp-dentin organ.
Create impervious layer to elements normally
present in oral environment.

Applied in 0.5mm thickness.
Decreases hardness of very minimal thickness of
underlying dentin
CTE and thermal diffusivity- less then tooth
structure. (0.25)
Bonding to composites
Inhibitory effect of methoxyphenols such as eugenol on the
polymerization of methacrylate resins is of clinical importance.
Eugenol is considered a free-radical scavenger(presence of the allyl
group)
Act as a degradative chain-transfer agent (i.e., when activated, it
preferably undergoes primary radical termination, rather than

propagation).
Temporary cements containing eugenol may negatively affect the
polymerization of methylmethacrylate used in provisional restorations.

Non-eugenol cement
TNE-Temrex Non-Eugenol Temporary
Cement(Temrex)
Dentsply Integrity TemGrip
Non-Eugenol Temporary Cement(Morita)
PowerTemp (kerr dental)
Composition
Integrity TempGrip
Organic acids;
Zinc oxide;
Methacrylates;
Catalyst;
Stabilizer
www.dentsply.es
Indication
Temporary cementation of provisional acrylic and
composite indirect restorations.

Provisional or trial cementation (limited time) of
ceramic, porcelain, composite, PFM (porcelain

fused to metal) and all metal crowns and bridges.
EBA and other chelate cements
Modified ZOE
EBA alumina- modified cements provisional restorations.
Has improved carvability prevented chipping during
trimming
symptomatic teeth without pulp exposure showed no
symptoms.
EBA low solubility in water, disintegrated and wore excessively
in the mouth.
Application
These materials have been used
cementation of inlays, crowns, and fixed partial
dentures
for provisional restorations
base or lining materials.
OBrien. Dental material and their selection. 3rd ed.(2002)
Composition
Powder
Liquid
Zinc oxide
Ethoxybenzoic acid -
Aluminum oxide or other
50% to 66% with the
mineral fillers-20% to 30% .
remainder eugenol.
Polymeric reinforcing agents poly(methyl

methacrylate), may also be
present
Setting
The setting mechanism has not been fully elucidated.
It appears to involve chelate salt formation between
the EBA, eugenol, and zinc oxide.

The setting is accelerated by the same factors that are
operative for zinc oxide-eugenol cements.
Manipulation
Cement is dispensed according to the
instructions
kneaded for 30 seconds,
and then stropped for
60 seconds to develop a creamy consistency.

Oil of orange can be used to clean eugenol
cements from instruments.
Craigs restorative dental material. 11th ed.
Properties
Setting time ; 7 and 13 minutes.
The EBA cements show viscoelastic properties with very low strength
and large plastic deformation at slow (0.1 mm/min) rates of deformation

and at oral temperature (37C).
Solubility similar to - polymer-reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol materials in
distilled water, although loss of eugenol also occurs.

The resistance to solubility in organic acids appears to be greater than
that of the zinc phosphate cements.

When exposed to moisture, greater oral dissolution occurs than for other
cements.
Zinc oxide Film

eugenol
Thickn
ess(m
m)
Setting
time
(min)
Solubility
(wt%)
Compres
sive
(MPa)
Tensile
(MPa)
Modulus
of
elasticity
Unmodified 25-35
2-10
1.5
2-25
1-2
Polymer
reinforced
35-45
7-9
35-55
5-8
2-3
EBAalumina
40-60
7-13
55-70
3-6
3-6
Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages
easy mixing, long working time, good flow characteristics, and
low irritation to pulp.

Strength and film thickness can be comparable to those of zinc
phosphate cements.
Disadvantages
Critical proportioning, hydrolytic breakdown in oral fluids,
liability to plastic deformation, and poorer retention than zinc

phosphate cements.
Resin reinforced ZOE

Used
cementing agents for crowns and fixed partial
dentures
cavity liners and base materials
provisional restorative materials.
Powder
Liquid
Zinc oxide- 10% to 40%
Eugenol
natural or
accelerators - acetic
synthetic resins (eg,
acid, antimicrobial
colophony [pine resin],
agents - thymol or 8-
poly[methyl methacrylate],
hydroxyquinoline.
polystyrene,
or polycarbonate) together
with accelerators.
Manipulation
More powder is required for a cementing mix than with other
cements.
The mixing pad or slab should be thoroughly dry.
The powder is mixed into the liquid in small portions with vigorous
spatulation until the correct amount has been incorporated.

Adequate time should be allowed for setting without disturbance
of the cement. Both powder and liquid containers should be kept

closed and stored under dry conditions.
Properties
Because of the presence of the resin, the
solubility of these cements appears to be

somewhat lower than that of zinc oxide-eugenol
materials.
Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages
Minimal biologic effects, good initial sealing properties, and
adequate strength for final cementation of restorations.
Disadvantages
Lower strength, higher solubility, and higher disintegration
compared to zinc phosphate cements; hydrolytic instability; and

the softening and discoloration of some resin restorative
materials.
Fluoride releasing dental

cements
These material have Low strength resin based
composites and amalgam low stress areas.

Temporary and intermediate restorations.
Use of dental cements began with silicate cement.
Anticariogenic mechanism of fluoride:

Increased acid resistance of enamel
Enhancement of remineralization,
Inhibition of carbohydrate metabolism by the acidogenic
plaque microflora.
Cements as luting agents

The word luting implies the use of a moldable
substance to seal a space or to cement two

components together.
Phillips Science Of Dental Materials. 11thed.
Microscopic image of the abutment prosthesis interface
A irregular surface
B two surface pressed against

each other
C continuous interface with

third material
D voids generation
Procedure for luting

Placement of cement
Seating the prosthesis
Removing excess cement.
Placement of cement
Cement paste should coat Inner surface of the crown
and extend slightly over the margin.

The occlusal aspect of the tooth preparation must be
free of voids - to ensure no air entrapment.

If voids remain in the occlusal region excessive
tensile stress in the ceramic and a greater risk for

fracture.
Seating
Moderate finger pressure - displace excess cement.
Marginal gap evaluated with explorer at three or more
points.
Patient is asked to bite on a piece of cotton roll to ensure
complete seating.
Removal of excess cement

Brittle state does not adhere to the surrounding
surfaces, the tooth and the prosthesis removed

after it sets.
Zinc phosphate and ZOE cements.
Glass ionomer, zinc polycarboxylate, and resin
cements adhere both chemically and/or physically

surfaces can be coated separating medium to
inhibit cement adherence
Mechanism of Retention
Retained mechanical or chemical
Cement fills the irregular crevice cement/prosthesis and
cement/tooth exhibit a void-free sealed cement layer can

resist shear stress acting along the interface
Mechanism through which dental

cement provides mechanical retention
of a gold inlay.
Cement penetrates into irregularities in
the tooth structure and the casting.
Phillips Science Of Dental Materials.
11th ed.
Dislodgement of Prosthesis
Fixed prostheses can debond because of biological
factors, physical reasons, or a combination of the two.

Secondary caries forms the biological reason.
Modes of failure;
Fracture of cement
Leakage along the interface
Materials for luting

Zinc phosphate cement
Zinc polycarboxylate cement
Resin cements
Glass ionomer cements
ZOE
Zinc phosphate
Oldest - luting cements
Commercial names
Harvard cement
Introduced by PIERCE 1879.

Temporary restoration
Luting agent
Supplied as powder and liquid form.

Cements are classified according to the particle size
Type I fine grained 25 m
Type II medium particle size 40 m
Textbook of Operative Dentistry. Vimal Sikri. 1st ed. 2006
Powder
Composition Weight
(%)
Function
ZnO
90.2
Principal ingredient
MgO
8.2
To reduce temperature of Calcination process
SiO,
1.4
inactive filler
Bi203
0.1
Impart a smoothness to the freshly mixed

cement mass, in large amounts it may also
lengthen the setting Time
Misc. BaO,
Ba,S04,
CaO
0.1
Tannin fluoride may be added to provide a source of fluoride ions in some

products.
Liquid
Composition
Weight (%)
H3P0,(free acid)
38.2
H3P04 (combined
with
Al and Zn)
16.2
Al
2.5
Zn
7.1
H20
36.0
Manufacture of powder
Main ingredients of powder are sintered at
temperatures between 1000 C 1400 C.

Then ground to powder.
Particle sizeSmaller the particle size faster set of the
cement.
Setting reaction
POWDER
LIQUID
Phosphoric acid attacks

the surface of particles
and release zinc ions.
Zinc reacts with

aluminium to form zinc
alumino-phosphate gel
The set cement consist of unreacted zinc oxide particles in

amorphous matrix of zinc aluminophosphate.
Mixing slab
Combination of powder/ liquid is an exothermic reaction.
Cooled slab 18-20C
Powder/liquid ratio
Filling 2.5:1
Luting 1.5:1
Care of the Liquid

Exposure of zinc phosphate cement liquid humid atmosphere
absorb water
Exposure to dry air loss of water.
addition of water more rapid reaction shorter setting time.
loss of water from the liquid lengthened setting time.
Tightly close bottle.
Polyethylene squeeze bottles.
Manipulation
initially small portions of powder into the liquid,
minimal heat is liberated and dissipated.
Long, narrow-bladed stainless steel spatula
Spread the cement large area (control the

temperature of the mass and its setting time)
Manipulation of zinc phosphate

Skinners Science of Dental Materials. 7th ed. 1973
Small increments at start partial neutralization

Later large increments in the middle of mixing period
Finally small increments are added.
Mixing procedure begins (slow maturation) and ends
(critical consistency) with small increments

Mixing 60-90seconds
Frozen Slab Method

Glass slab cooled in a refrigerator at 6C-10C.
Amount of powder -frozen slab method is 50% to 75%
more than with the normal procedures.

Compressive and tensile strengths not significantly
different.
Incorporation of condensed moisture into the mix in the
frozen slab method counteracts the higher powder/liquid

ratio.
The advantages of the frozen slab method are

Increase in working time (4 to 11 minutes) of the mix on the
slab.
Shorter setting time (20% to 40% less) of the mix after
placement into the mouth.

Cementation of bridges with multiple pins.
Setting time
Manufacturing process
Higher sintering temperature - cement set slowly
Presence of water in liquid
Larger particle size less rapid reaction decreased surface
contact of powder and liquid.
Factors under the control of dentist

Lower temperature during mixing.
Rate of addition of powder in liquid.
Longer mixing time longer setting time.
More liquid in ratio to powder slower setting time.
Acidity
During the formation of zinc phosphate change in pH.
3minutes after start of mixing pH 3.5.
24- 48hours pH comes to neutrality.(6.6 6.8)
7 28day pH is 6.9
Thin mix both initial and 28days are approximately 0.5 unit
lower than thick mixes.
Precautions include the use of

resinous, film forming, cavity varnishes; calcium hydroxide
and zinc oxide suspensions; ZOE or calcium hydroxide bases;

and, more recently, dentin bonding agents.
Consistency
Temperature of slab - 18C
Temperature of slab 29.5C
Two mixes of cement prepared with identical P/L
Standard consistency is determined by Modified SLUMP
test. (ADA specification no 8)
Luting
Base
Retain alloy restoration
Thermal and chemical

insulation
Cement string from the

slab on spatula 2-3cm
Higher P/L
Retention
No adhesion between tooth structure and zinc
phosphate cement.
Mechanical retention.
Thickness of film between inlay and tooth - thinner
Strength
Mixture of standard consistency consist of 1.4gm of powder and
0.5ml of liquid
75 % of maximal strength attained during 1hour.
Strength influenced by;

Initial P/L
Manner of mixing and handling
Compressive strength develops rapidly with luting
consistency reaching 2/3rd of final strength within 1

hour.
Solubility and Disintegration

Cemented cast restoration, solubility of cement is important
consideration.
Thin line of cement is always exposed to oral fluid at margins
Cement line thicker then 50 micrometers.
ADA specification no 8
Solubility immersed in distilled water for 24hrs should not exceed
0.20%.
Solubility of Zinc phosphate cement in solution of

varying pH for 1 week.
Dimensional Stability
Cement exhibits shrinkage on hardening.
Normal dimensional change properly mixed cement is
brought into contact with water slight initial expansion,

Expansion slight shrinkage on the order of 0.04% to
0.06% in 7 days.
Thermal and Electrical Conductivity

Primary uses of zinc phosphate cement insulating
base beneath metallic restorations.

Presence of moisture not have a significant effect on
the thermal conductivity of cement

But, moisture present under clinical conditions
greatly reduces the good electrical insulating.
Biocompatibility
Cytotoxicity studies
Zinc phosphate cements are cytotoxic immediately after
mixing.
After complete setting - almost no cell damage is seen
Implantation studies
Rats and guinea pigs showed that subcutaneous
implanted zinc phosphate cements cause a pronounced

inflammatory reaction immediately after mixing, which
disappeared after a few weeks
Biocompatibility of Dental Materials. Gottfried Schmalz,
Dorthe Arenholt-Bindslev. 2009
Histopathological studies
When used as base is not a highly toxic material.
Some displacement of odontoblast layer, and
infiltrating inflammatory cells is countable, implying

the presence of a moderate lesion.
After 36 days - no signs of inflammation were
present
Biocompatibility of Dental Materials. Gottfried Schmalz,

Dorthe Arenholt-Bindslev. 2009
Application
Zinc phosphate cement is used most commonly
luting permanent metal restorations
base.
Other applications include cementation of
orthodontic bands
Developed - late 1960s.
Zinc polyacrylate cements (or zinc polycarboxylate)
Supplied as a powder and a liquid
The liquid is a water solution of polyacrylic acid
Mixed cement - Classified as pseudoplastic.
OBrien. Dental Material and their Selection. 3rd ed.
On the basis of their composition, polycarboxylate
cement are of three types

Type I powder contains 90% zinc oxide and 10%
magnesium oxide.
Type II 30-40% alumina replaces zinc oxide
powder
Type III polyacrylic acid is freeze dried and
incorporated in powder.
Applications
Used for the cementation of cast alloy and porcelain
Restorations
Orthodontic bands
Cavity liners or base materials
Provisional restorative materials.
OBrien. Dental Material and their Selection. 3rd ed.
Setting reaction
Figure setting reaction

It occurs through the chelation of zinc of powder by the carboxylate group of
polyacrylic acid. Adhesion to the tooth occurs through chelation of calcium.
Manipulation
P/L
1.5:1 (Weight) Phillips
1:2 to 2:1. (Craig)
Powder & liquid dispensed just before mixing.

Mixed on non absorptive surface, such as a glass slab
Powder is rapidly incorporated into the liquid in large
quantities.
Mixing time 30-40sec.
Loss of luster and stringy consistency setting reaction
has progressed film thickness and proper wetting of

tooth cannot take place.
Typical consistency for water mix polycarboxylate and glassionomer cements. (OBrien 3rd ed)
Consistency of zinc polycarboxylate cement upon completion of 30 sec of

mixing. If the mixing time is prolonged or the mix is allowed lo remain on
the slab, the cement becomes dull in appearance and the material becomes
tacky to the touch.
Mechanical properties
Values
Compressive strength
55-67MPa (Phillips)
DTS
8-12 Mpa (OBrien)
Modulus of elasticity
6 Gpa (OBrien)
Solubility
0.1% to 0.6%
(OBrien)
Bond strength
Enamel
3.4 to 13 MPa,
Dentin
2.1 MPa.
Solubility
Low solubility in water
When exposed to organic acid pH <4.5, solubility
increases.
Reduction in P/L increases solubility and disintegration.
Biological property
pH of the cement liquid is approximately 1.7
Liquid is rapidly neutralized powder
pH of the mix rises rapidly as setting reaction
proceeds.
pH of polycarboxylate cement is higher than zinc
phosphate cement at various time interval.

Initial acidic nature of zinc polycarboxylate cements -
minimal irritation to pulp.

Because of larger size of the polyacrylic acid molecule
compared with phosphoric may limit diffusion through

the dentinal tubules
Excellent biocompatibility with the pulp is a major factor in
the popularity of this cement system.
Resin cement
Resin cement has become attractive as a luting agent
because of the development of direct-filling resins with

improved properties, the benefit of the acid-etch technique
Resin cements are essentially flowable composites of low
viscosity.
ADA specification no 27 describes 3 classes of
composite cements.
Class I Self cured materials
Class II Light cured materials
Class III Dual cured materials
Chemically activated resin

Commercially available as
Two component systems
Powder- liquid
Paste-paste
The two components are combined by mixing on a paper
pad for 20 to 30 sec.

Removal of the excess cement is difficult if it is delayed
until the cement has polymerized

It is best to remove the excess cement immediately after
the prosthesis is seated.

This cement is suitable for all types of prostheses
Light curable
Single -component systems.
Available as RelyX Unicem Self-Adhesive Resin Cement. Variolink
II resin cement. Ivoclar.

Indicated
Cementation of thin ceramic prostheses
Resin-based prostheses
Direct bonding of ceramic and plastic orthodontic brackets when
the thickness of the appliance in the bonded area is less than

1.5 mm
Through the ceramic restoration, Exposure of light
not less than 40sec.

Excess cement removed as soon as seating is
completed.
Dual cure cements

Self cure and light cure.
Available as PANAVIA F 2.0 by Kurray America Inc.
Scotchbond Resin cement 3M Co. St. Paul, MN, USA.

Chemical activation is very slow and provides extended
working time until the cement is exposed to the curing light,

at which point the cement hardens rapidly.
Dual -cure cements should not be used with light
transmitting prostheses thicker than 2.5 mm; anything

thicker than 2.5 mm should be bonded with chemically
curable cement.
Removal of excess cement may proceed upon completion of
seating
Miscellaneous
Mineral trioxide aggregate
Biodentine
I Root BP
MINERAL TRIOXIDE AGGREGATE
MINERAL TRIOXIDE AGGREGATE

Introduced by TORABINEJAD (1993).
Commercially MTA is available (ProRoot MTA; Tulsa Dental
Products, Tulsa, OK, USA) in grey and white forms.

MTA was first described in the dental scientific literature in 1993
Approved for endodontic use by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration in 1998.
Torabinejad M, Watson TF and Ford TRP. Sealing Ability of a Mineral Trioxide

Aggregate When Used As a Root End Filling Material. J endod 1993;19(12)
591-5.
Indications
Pulp capping with MTA on human primary (Farsi et al. 2005, Maroto
et al. 2005, 2006)
and permanent
(Farsi et al. 2006)
Other indications
Apexification
Apexogenesis
Internal and external resorption
Close iatrogenic perforations of roots (Lee et al. 1993)
Lateral or furcation involvement
Retrograde filling of root ends (Torabinejad et al. 1995)
Furcations (Pitt Ford et al. 1995).
Composition
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)
Portland cement (75%)
Bismuth oxide (20%)
Gypsum (5%).
Contains trace amounts of SiO2, CaO, MgO, K2SO4 and
Na2SO4.
Roberts HS, Toth JM, Berzins DW, Charlton DG. Mineral trioxide aggregate
material use in endodontic treatment: A review of the literature. Dental
materials 24(2008) 149164.
Composition
Major content is a mixture of
Dicalcium silicate
Tricalcium silicate
Tricalcium aluminate
Gypsum
Tetracalcium aluminoferrite
On addition of water the cement hydrates to form silicate
hydrate gel - solidifies to a hard structure in less than 4 hours.

materials 24(2008) 149164.
Asgary S, Parirokh M, Egbbal MJ, Brink F. Chemical differences between white and
gray mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod 2005;31:1013.
Manipulation
Torabinejad 1995;
Product high alkalinity, whose
pH is 10.2 during manipulation
12.5 after 3 hours.
MTA powder mixed with sterile water

Ratio 3:1.
materials 24(2008) 149164.
Mixture contact with exposure using a Dovgan carrier.

Compress the mixture against the exposure site moist
cotton pellet.
Place a moist cotton pellet temporarily placed over the MTA
left until a follow-up appointment.

Upon hydration, MTA materials form a colloidal gel that
solidifies to a hard structure in approximately 34h.
materials 24(2008) 149164.
The setting process is described as Hydration reaction of tricalcium silicate (3CaOSiO2) and
dicalcium silicate (2CaOSiO2), which the latter is said to be

responsible for the development of material strength.
Although weaker than other materials used for similar
purposes, MTA compressive strength has been reported to

increase in the presence of moisture for up to 21 day
materials 24(2008) 149164.
Studies have shown

MTA stimulates dentin bridge formation adjacent to the
dental pulp because of its property of;
sealing ability
Biocompatibility
alkalinity.
Sarkar NK, Caicedo R, Ritwik P, Moiseyeva R, and Kawashima I.

Physicochemical Basis of the Biologic Properties of Mineral Trioxide
Aggregate. J Endod 2005;31:2:97-100
A
Cut face of the mesial half of a 28
with remnants of the capping (CP)
and restorative material (white plug
in the cavity preparation and pulp
chamber). x7
B
Histological section of the specimen.
Note the cavity opening into the
pulp chamber, remnants of the
capping material (CP) and healthy
remaining pulp (PU). x18
Pulpal response to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) capping after 1 week

observation. Distal macrophotographic view
Nair PNR, Duncan HF, Pitt Ford TR & Luder HU. Histological, ultrastructural and
quantitative investigations on the response of healthy human pulps to experimental
capping with mineral trioxide aggregate: a randomized controlled trial. Int Endod J.
2008:41;128150.
D
The rectangular areas demarcated in (b) and (c) are magnified in
(c) and (d) respectively. Note the pulpcap interface with fibrous
encapsulation (arrowheads) and absence of pulpal inflammation.
Original magnifications: C - x90, D- x220
MTA
Results
1week
Presence of a fibrous capsule

Absence of pulpal inflammatory cells.
Signs of Necrosis and Mild hyperaemia was evident in some
of the sample
Exposed pulp tissue direct contact revealed a mild
inflammation with mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate.
1month
Some showed complete hard tissue

pulpal cells lining the hard tissue barrier were mostly
cuboidal, but also columnar cells were seen
TEM examination revealed cytoplasmic processes projecting
into the bridge
No evidence of necrosis or inflammation
3months
complete hard tissue bridge.

Some showed complete bridges were devoid of pulpal
inflammation.
one with an incomplete bridge
light microscopic evidence of tubule formation at the pulpal
aspect of the dentine bridge,that was lined by mostly
cuboidal cells.
TEM examination revealed structures reminiscent of dentinal
tubules in early stages of development containing cytoplasm
of the lining cells
Calcium hydroxide
Amorphous
Precipitations of coarse calcium granulations, constituting the so
called superficial granular zone, which is associated with the

initial synthesis and deposition of disorganised dentin matrix.
Reston EG and de Souza Costa CA. Scanning electron microscopy evaluation

of the hard tissue barrier after pulp capping with calcium hydroxide, mineral
trioxide aggregate (MTA) or ProRoot MTA. Aust Endod J 2009; 35: 7884
Mixed type
External layer is irregular and atubular, the internal layer
exhibits the typical dentinal characteristics with pre-dentin and

irregular, tortuous, randomly distributed tubules,similar to
those present in the reparativedentin
Localisation of barrier - Peripheral

MTA
Hard tissue barriers with predominance of dentinal tubules.
Mixed hard tissue barriers were also found.
Localisation of the barriers - occurred in the
centroperipheral area.

Morphology. Example of an
amorphous Ca(OH)2-induced
hard tissue barrier.
Morphology. Example of a tubular

ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregateinduced hard tissue barrier. 3000x

BIODENTINE
www.septodont.com
Introduced in 2005 by Prof. About, University of Marseille,
France.
Indirect pulp capping in rat molars- Prof. Michel Goldberg
(2009)
Direct pulp capping - Prof. Gilles Koubi (2011)
Endodontic application Prof. Pierre Machtou(2011)
www.septodont.com
Composition
Tricalcium silicate powder
Aqueous calcium chloride solution
Properties
It is a bioactive dentine substitute
Mechanical properties similar to the sound dentine and can
replace it both in the crown and in the root.

Contains mainly high-purity, monomer-free mineral
ingredients.
www.septodont.com
Mixing instruction
Take a capsule and gently tap it on a hard surface to loosen
the powder.
Open a capsule and place it on the stand.
Detach a single-dose container of liquid and gently tap on
the sealed cap to force all the liquid down the container.
Twist cap to open.
Squeeze out the entire contents of the single-dose container
into the capsule. Close the capsule.
Place the capsule on a mixing device, such as Technomix, Tac
400 (Lineatac), Silamat, CapMix, Rotomix, Ultramat etc., at a

speed of 4000 4200 rotations/min, and mix for 30sec.
Open the capsule and collect Biodentine material with a
suitable instrument.
Rapidly rinse and clean the instruments to remove any
residual material.
Mixing time 6min, Setting time 6min
Indications
When used in the crown:
Temporary enamel restorative material.
Permanent dentine restorative material.
Restoration of deep and/or large coronal carious lesions

(sandwich technique).
Restoration of deep cervical and/or radicular lesions.
Pulp capping.
Pulpotomy.
www.septodont.com
When used in the root:
- Repair of root perforations.

- Repair of furcation perforations.
- Repair of perforating internal resorptions.
- Repair of external resorption
- Apexification.
- Root-end filling in endodontic surgery (retrograde
filling).
I Root BP
http://www.veriodent.com
Working time of 30+ minutes, iRoot BP.

Material is available in preloaded syringes and in a moldable
putty form
Application Uses:
Pulp Capping
Apexification
Repair of Root Perforation
Repair of Root Resorption
Root End Filling
Properties:
Highly Bioactive & Biocompatible
Hydrophilic
High Ph >12 / Antibacterial
Compressive Strength - 70~90 Mpa
Excellent Radiopacity
Properties of dental cements

1.
Film thickness and consistency
Typically in range of 25-150m. (Phillips)

Determination of film thickness
Well mixed, non-granular

Phillips Science of Dental Material. 11th ed.
Factors affecting film thickness

Particle size of powder
Concentration of powder in liquid
Viscosity of the liquid
Consistency of the cement
Amount of force during cementation
Manner in which force is applied in restoration
Consistency
Heavier Consistency more, Thickness is more
Leading to less complete seating of the restoration.
2. Viscosity
Increase by increase in temperature and time.
Prompt cementation after completion of mixing.
Delay cause;
Increase in film thickness
Insufficient seating of restoration.
3. Setting time
Determined by ANSI/ADA Specification No. 96.
A sufficient period of time after mixing
To seat and finally adapt the margins of a casting,
To seat and adjust a series of orthodontic bands, or
To properly contour a base or provisional restoration
Adequate working time is expressed by proper net setting
time,
2.5 and 8 minutes at a body temperature of 37C.
60 to 90 seconds consumed by mixing the powder and
liquid.
Net setting time is the time at which cement is sufficiently
hard to resist indentation by standard indenter.
4. Strength
Standard luting cement - 24-hour compressive strength of 70 MPa.
5. Solubility
Water and oral fluids
Water based cements > resin/oil based
Bibliography
Skinners Science Of Dental Materials. 7th ed.
OBrien dental material and their selection. 3rd ed.2002
An atlas of glass ionomer cement. GJ Mount. 3rd ed. 2002.
Sturdevants art and science of dental materials. 4th ed.

Sturdevants art and science of dental materials. 5th ed.
Principles and practice of operative dentistry. Charbeneau. 2 nd
ed.1981.
Biocompatibility of Dental Materials. Gottfried Schmalz, Dorthe
Arenholt-Bindslev. 2009
Referred articles
Journal of History of Dentistry 2005;July, 53(2):63-72.
Contemporary Permanent Luting Agents Used in Dentistry: A Literature
Review Ebru SMER1, Yaln DEER2(Int Dent Res 2011;1:26-31)
Preserving the Vital Pulp in Operative Dentistry: 3. Thickness of
Remaining cavity Dentine as a Key Mediator of Pulpal Injury and Repair

Responses. PETER E. MURRAY, PHILIP J. LUMLEY AND ANTHONY J.
SMITH. Dental Update May 2002
Torabinejad M, Watson TF and Ford TRP. Sealing Ability of a Mineral
Trioxide Aggregate When Used As a Root End Filling Material. J endod

1993;19(12) 591-5.
Mohammadi &Dummer; properties and applications of calcium
hydroxide in endodontics and dental traumatology. Int Endod

J:2011;44,697-730.
Nair PNR, Duncan HF, Pitt Ford TR & Luder HU. Histological,
ultrastructural and quantitative investigations on the response of

healthy human pulps to experimental capping with mineral trioxide
aggregate: a randomized controlled trial. Int Endod J. 2008:41;128
150.
De Bruyne MAA, De Moor RJG. The use of glass ionomer cements
in both conventional and surgical endodontics. Int Endod

J.2004;37:91-104.
AUJ Yap, SY Tham, LY Zhu, HK Lee. Short-Term Fluoride Release
from Various Aesthetic Restorative Materials. Oper Dent

2002;27:259-266
Reston EG and de Souza Costa CA. Scanning electron microscopy
evaluation of the hard tissue barrier after pulp capping with

calcium hydroxide, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) or ProRoot
MTA. Aust Endod J 2009; 35: 7884
Roberts HS, Toth JM, Berzins DW, Charlton DG. Mineral trioxide
aggregate material use in endodontic treatment: A review of the

literature. Dental materials 24(2008) 149164.
Sarkar NK, Caicedo R, Ritwik P, Moiseyeva R, and Kawashima I.
Physicochemical Basis of the Biologic Properties of Mineral Trioxide

Aggregate. J Endod 2005;31:2:97-100
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DENTAL CEMENTS

Terna Dental College.

RDT & Pulpal response

Fluoride releasing cements

Materials are supplied

but this is not universally true.

So, in dentistry word cement has been applied,

traditionally to powder/ liquid materials which are

and honey or other substances.

Riviere (1589) mentioned Oil of cloves (eugenol)

used earlier (1562) by Ambroise Pare to alleviate

1860 Zinc oxychloride (filling and cementing

forms were used in europe in late 1800.

1947 direct filling methyl methacrylate

Journal of History of Dentistry 2005;July, 53(2):63-72.

1960-70s Pit & fissure sealant introduced.

or adhesive to bind devices and prostheses to tooth structure

A non metallic material used for luting, filling permanent or

temporary restorative purposes, made by mixing components

Ideal Properties of DENTAL CEMENTS

between restoration and tooth.

forces formed through the effect of gummy foods

Contemporary Permanent Luting Agents Used in Dentistry: A Literature Review

6. Mechanical properties meet the requirements for

11. Long shelf-life.

Operative Dentistry: Modern theory and practice. MA Marzouk. 2004

Agents for Pulp

Zinc Silicophosphate ZOE

Phillips Science of dental material. 11th ed. 2002

acid base reaction

Zinc Phosphate cement

Resin modified glass

According to ingredients & application By Craig

Glass and resin

Retention of alloy restorations

Retention of alumina or zirconia based all

Retention of alloy restorations

Retention of conventional restorations

Craigs Restorative dental material. 12th ed. 2006

Bonded conventional crowns and bridges,

veneers, inlays, and onlays

Bonded conventional alloy based restoration

Craigs Restorative dental material. 12th ed. 2006

Zinc Oxide eugenol

Craigs Restorative dental material. 12th ed. 2006

OBrien Dental material and their selection. 3rd ed. 2003

Phosphate Zinc phosphate

Zinc silico-phosphate Zinc silicophosphate

Calcium hydroxide salicylate

OBrien Dental material and their selection. 3rd ed. 2003

Calcium aluminum polyalkenoate

Self cured Light cured

OBrien Dental material and their selection. 3rd ed. 2003

Reaction product matrix

Crystalline zinc eugenolate

ZnO, polymer, Crystalline zinc eugenolate

Crystalline zinc eugenolate

Crystalline tertiary zinc

Amorphous silico phosphate

Amorphous silico phosphate

Sturdevants Art and Science of dental materials. 5th ed. 2006

Reaction product matrix

Amorphous cross linked