ARCHITECTURE HISTORY

Romanesque Architecture

ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD

Romanesque Architecture Influences

Architecture styles briefed description

1. Romanesque Architecture

used expressive language char

characterized by using the accurate and
minute
columns
facade
minute
columns
in in
facade
perspective and entrances to give it
p
character of vertical mouldings in addition to the use of the towers
character
of
vertical
and
small windows
mouldi
It characterized by using the architecture nature of the materials
which In general has not reproduced forms that have been used
in
the wood when used stone instead,
in Romanesque the magnitude of Roman architecture might
Shrunk.
Features by using the different forms of Pointed arch, the multiple
centers
arches then the Elliptical arches as construction
2. Gothic Architecture
and
expressive elements
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3. Renaissance architecture
provide a broader concern of front facade, considering it a
disguise or mask for buildings
and there has been a trend to highlight the structure of
the
building
situated
asas
well
asas
the focus was
the roof lines levels in
building
situated
well
on
the f
andfaade
emergence of linear perspective
the
and use simple mathematical ratios between the various elements
linear persp
and and
the emergence
buildings of
symmetry
4. Baroque architecture
has trend towards influencing Theatrical effect
and the emergence of the Oval form in the rules of
expressive
included
formations
of convex
concave
and
oppositewhich
forms instead
of pure
circularand
basis
in most
buildings,
combinations
also appeared directions of minute ornaments and vague forms
in
manipulation within the facade shade, shadow, And light
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5. Rococo and Eclecticism

characterized by rooted orientation selective
Several styles represent the most significant architectural
Several styles represent the
carvings and ornamentations and decoration
carvings
and ornamentations
an
expansion
of the use of drawings
and sculptures denying any
expansion of the use of drawi
importance to the origin
and employ architectural elements of any other civilization that

may seem appropriate in the picture

It is an extension of the baroque and higher Rococo in addition
to
Adoption of historic methods of revivals of old Greek and Roman
classicism and the evolution and revivals of medieval
architecture.

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Romanesque Architecture
Romanesque began late ninth century AD, and have greatest
achievements in ten centuries
centuries after
aft the emergence of Christianity
many changes
changes that
that paved the way to great renaissance
and have had many
and buildings named medieval or Dark age buildings
Romanesque, means: like the Romans and architecture is
essentially A mixture of Roman and Byzantine architecture and
other
types
Romanesque Interfere with Gothic and varies from country to
country based on it distance from Italy were the cradle of
Roman architecture style
important Romanesque buildings are churches in
first, then in
Italy
France, Germany, Spain and England recently

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Romanesque style adopted Articulation system instability or

Animation
in shaping
the plans and elevations in terms of using the
successive
arches
successive arches
,, movement
movement iin the form to show the differences in
sizes and lengths of blocs
blocs and
and the
t roof levels

Dark Ages divided to three riods

1. pe
Early period 450-900
2. Dark period 900-1200
3. Renaissance period 1200-1450

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Romanesque Architecture Churches Features

Vertical trends have emerged in churches because the church is
church
and religious
buildings
church
religiouswhere
buildings
neglect of power and interest in
the gateand
to Paradise
an expression
n
mundane
Churches differ from country to country, but the most have
Churches
differ church
from country
certain
feature.
the model
has thick walls, built pillars, huge
and
Thethe
tower
rises
from the
at the point at which the
feature.
model
church
hasceiling
th
arches
wing
intersects in the church main court
The tower rises over four pillars, aisles separated from the
main
court corridors bypasses.
Treiforim (vestibule troika decades). The gallery lighting through
row adding internal balcony overlooking the bypass arcades
of called
windows within arches.
Churches were very large to accommodate large numbers. For
example, Church of St.Sernin (1080 - 1120 AD) in Toulouse,
France
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the massive west facade crowned by a tower or by twin towers,

the
complex design of the eastern part housing the sanctuary, the
rhythmic alternation of piers and columns in the nave
only the advanced stages in a len
gthy and complex formal evolution
represent
marked by considerable trial and error.

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Ailse

Ailse

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Barrel Vault- St Peters Cathedral, Rome

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Groin Vault- St Peters Cathedral, Rome

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Romanesque Church

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Romanesque Church

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Romanesque Church

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Romanesque Church

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Romanesque Church

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Romanesque Church

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Romanesque Church

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Romanesque Church

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Romanesque Church

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Aachen Cathedral Aachen, Germany

Romanesque Church

Aachen Cathedral
Aachen, Germany
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Romanesque Church

Aachen Cathedral
Aachen, Germany
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Romanesque Church

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The "blind arcade" Canterbury Cathedral
has
overlapping arches forming points,
a
common decorative feature.

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The tympanum of Vzelay Abbey, Burgundy, France1130s, has much

decorative spiral detail in the draperies
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Romanesque Interior
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Romanesque Interior
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Romanesque Interior
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Romanesque Interior
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Romanesque Interior
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Romanesque Architecture Influence Factors

There were six factors that i
architecture
styles which
which are:
influence
are

1. Historical

the construction of

Historical Factors

2. Geographical
3.
4. Geological
Climatic

Natural Factors
Civil Factors

6. Social

5. Religious

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Geographical
On the decline of the Roman Empire, the Romanesque style grew i
in
Western
Europe countries
which had been under the rule of Rome,
and geographical
position
determined many of the peculiarities of
deter
the style in each country.
Romanesque style
style took
Romanesque
took its
its na
name from Roman origin,
owed
something
to Byzantine art, which was carried westwards
the
great
alongtrade routes, by way of such centers as Venice, Ravenna, and
Marseilles, and thus exercised a formative influence on
Romanesque,
The long, narrow peninsula of Italy stretches from the snowy
Alps on the north, right down through the waters of the
Mediterranean, almost to sultry Africa on the south.
differences which influenced the architecture in such varying
These geographical variations were accompanied by other
degrees that it may considered under (a) Central Italy, within the
inner zone of Roman influence ; (b) Northern Italy, in contact with
Western Europe ; (c) South Italy and Sicily, open to influences
from the East-(Islam).
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A. Central Italy
The central region Florence, Pisa, and Naples which are rich
in
ancient pagan
monuments
and Early
Christian churches that
exercised
a paramount
influence
on architecture.
B. North Italy
Milan,
of Lombardy,
Milan, the
the capital
capital of
Lombardy, has prosperity of its proximity
several
Alpine
passes
and
itsits
situation in the fertile plains
to
h several
Alpine
passes
and
Lombardy,
where the cultivation 'of the vine
and mulberry
of
sit
was
then, as now, a staple industry. Venice and Ravenna, which were
connecting trade links between East and West, fell geographically
under the influences of Byzantine art.
C.South Italy and Sicily
Greek andCalabria,
Roman colony,
it formed
partthe
of East,
the Byzantine
Empire
including
was influence
from
after having
been
under Justinian. While Sicily, an island which is triangular in form,
a
is
situated in the Mediterranean sea, and, facing Greece on one side,
Italy on another, and North Africa on the third, was exposed to
influences from all three countries.
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Hagia Sophia - Constantinople

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Geological
The use of local materials, whether stone or brick, marble or terraready-made columns and other features
cotta, as well as of ready-mad
fromRoman
old
Roman
buildings,
buildings,
accounts for many of the varying
characteristics
in each country
account
characteristics
in over this wide area, with its different
each
countr
geological
formations.
A. Central Italy:
Tuscany has mineral wealth and abundance of stone. Various
building materials were used in Rome, including bricks,
volcanic tufa or peperino, travertine stone from Tivoli and
marble from Carrara, Paros, and other Greek islands.
Much material was also obtained from the ruins of Classic
buildings.

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B. North Italy:

The
plains
Lombardy
supplied
clay for making bricks, which,
used
withofmarble
from
the hill

used with marble from the hills, gave a special character to

architecture.
the
Venice on the Adriatic imported
import marbles in her merchant vessel s.

C. South Italy and Sicily:

The mountains of South Italy and Sicily supplied limestone
and
many kinds of marble,
while the sulphur mines, especially of Sicily, largely contributed
to
that prosperity which was conducive to building enterprise.

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Limestone
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Sand Soil
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Rocks of stones
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Sand Soil
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Sand Soil
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A cement building
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Mud bricks
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Fired bricks
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Marble
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Climate
The Climatic conditions contributed to differences of treatment
north and south of the Alps. In the duller climates of the
north and south of the Alps. In th
window
north, openings were enlarged to admit sufficient light, while
window
openings were enlarged exclude the dazzling sunshine.
in
the
werewas
kept
small
to determined by climate ;
Thesouth
slope they
of roofs
also
largely
The slope of flat
roofs was also
roofs
largein the south and high-pitched roofs in north to throw off rain
and snow.
A. Central Italy
The brilliant sunshine demanded small windows and thick walls,
both in cities of the plain and in cities built on the hill-tops, both
for
defence
and
to be above
theproximity
miasma of
country. are
east
to west
according
to the
to the
the low-lying
Apennines,
which
The climate not only varies from north to south, but also from
often snow-clad, or to the sea-board.
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B. North Italy
The climate varies between extremes of heat and cold. The towns
from Milan on the west to Venice
the east lie below the Alps, and
on
thus in the winter they are swept by the ice-winds from the
mountains ;
in the summer these same mountains protect them from the north
s is often excessive.
winds, when the heat in the plain

C. South Italy and Sicily

The climate is almost sub- tropical ; palms grow in the open
air
and the orange and lemon groves of Palermo are famous.
On the southern coasts of Italy buildings have the flat roofs
and
other characteristics of Oriental cities.

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Stavronikita Monastery - Mount Athos

(Macedonia) ENG.NABEEL M. AIAD