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Sedimentary Rocks

Petrography

Role of Petrography on Reservoir Quality


Assessment
Core & Log data

Thin Section
Analysis

Reservoir Pore
geometry

Reservoir Property
(, K, Sw)

Composition

Reservoir
Quality

Texture
Cement
Porosity
Fabric
Sed.
Structure

Microfacies
Lithofacies

Dep. Env &


Facies Group

Core, Paleontology, Log


& Image data

Reservoir
Distribution
& Geometry

Seismic & Well data

Clast size indicates ancient relative current velocity

Detrital Sediments & Sedimentary Rocks


gravel
&
conglomerate
sand
&
sandstone

clay, silt
&
mudstone

Sorting

Angularity Classification

egree of roundness helps in knowing the distance of transportation

Angular clasts- short distance transport from the source


Rounded clasts- long distance transport

Sedimentary Fabric

Grain contacts
The diagram (after Taylor, 1950) shows the
various types of grain contacts found in
sandstones. You will often find more than
one type in a single thin section, but are
unlikely to find all four types together.

Grain contacts start off as tangential


(point) contacts.

As
the
sediment
is
buried
and
compacted, grains are rotated and
pushed closer together, and pore space
is reduced: long contacts become
common.

With further compaction, softer grains


are compacted around harder ones, and
grains start to dissolve in the pore
waters at their contacts (grain contact
dissolution *): concavo-convex contacts
become important.

As grain-contact dissolution continues,


grain boundaries become irregular or
sutured, and original grain shapes are
destroyed. Eventually all the contacts
are sutured, and all the porosity is
destroyed.

Classification of the different types of porosity

Time of formation
Primary or depositional

Secondary or postdepositional

Type

Origin

Intergranular or interparticle
Intragranular or intraparticle

Sedimentation

Intercrystalline
Fenestral

Cementation

Vuggy
Moldic

Solution

Fracture

Tectonics,
Compaction,
Dehydration,
Diagenesis

Two Types of Primary Porosity

Intergranular
porosity

Intragranular porosity

Type of Secondary
Porosity

Sketch of a thin section showing


moldic and
vuggy porosity in a limestone

Sketch of a thin section showing of


crystalline
dolomite reservoir showing intercrystalline
porosity

Type of Secondary Porosity

Silica, Calcite

Sketch of a slabbed core


showing fracture porosity

Fracture porosity infilled


By cementation

Porosity
Permeability
Effect of grain size on porosity and permeability

Porosity

Permeability
Effect of sorting on porosity and permeability

Porosity & Permeability

Estimating Textural Maturity


Immature
Poor sorting
Angular grains
High matrix content

Mature
No matrix
Moderate-good sorting
Degree of rounding

Supermature
No matrix
Very good sorting
High degree of roundness

Maturity

Maturity

Product composition

monocrystalline quartz (single crystal lattice for entire grain),


polycrystalline quartz (two or more crystals of quartz within the grain),
chert (cryptocrystalline quartz forming the grain).

Sandstones
There are basically two reasons for this. First, sandstones are easily studied because
they contain sand sized grains that can easily be distinguished with a petrographic
microscope. Second, most of the world's oil and natural gas is found in sands or
sandstones because of their generally high porosity.
Classification
For this course we will use a classification of sandstones that is partially based on
Blatt and Tracey (p. 257) and partially basedon Williams, Turner, and Gilbert (p.
326). Sandstones that contain less than 10% clay matrix are called arenites.
These can be subdivided based on the percentages of Quartz, Feldspar, and unstable
lithic fragments (fragments of preexisting rock).
A feldspar-rich sandstone is called an arkose.
If the rock has between 10 and 50% clay matrix, the rock is called a wacke.
The term graywacke is seldom used today, but was originally used to describe a lithicrich sandstone with between 10 and 50% mica, clay, or chlorite matrix. Rocks with
greater than 50% clay matrix are called sandy mudstones, and will be discussed in the
lecture on mudrocks.

Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks: Sandstones

Thin Section Analysis

Hornblende
Amphiboles; Double-chain Silicates
Monoclinic (-,+)
Relief moderate, Colour - green or brown (oxy-hornblende) ,RI 1.61-1.76 , Birefringence - 0.02 , Interference colours - 2nd-3rd
order, masked by the body colour , Extinction - inclined, complete,
Comments - simple twinning is common

perfect cleavage
in hornblende
PPL
Fish Canyon Tuff

euhedral crystal of hornblende showing


pleochroism as the crystal is roataed through
90. This crystal also shows concentric zoning.
PPL
Fish Canyon Tuff

Glauconite
Glauconite is an iron-rich clay, restricted to marine
environments. It forms grains composed of finely
crystalline, bright green coloured clay-size particles and
looks very similar in XPL to its appearance in PPL. The
green colouration makes this distinctive in marine
sediments.

British Cretaceous Greensand

Biotite
Mica; Sheet Silicates
Monoclinic (-)
Relief moderate ;Colour - brown or green ;RI - 1.53-1.696
Birefringence - 0.028-0.08 ;Interference colours - 2nd-3rd
order, masked by the body colour ;Extinction - straight,
mottled ;Comments - alters to green chlorite, often contains
inclusions of accessory phases

c-axis parallel section (left)


and subhedral basal section
(right) of brown biotite.
Note the presence of the
one perfect cleavage on the
c-axis parallel section and
its absence on the basal
section.
The
colourless
inclusions in the basal
section are apatite.
PPL

Plagioclase
Framework Silicates
triclinic (+,-)
Relief low; Colour colourless ; RI - 1.527-1.590;
Birefringence - 0.012-0.013; Interference colours - 1st
order; Extinction inclined; Comments - show multiple
'albite' twinning; alters to montmorrillonite or kaolinite

anhedral crystal of
plagioclase
XPL

Plagioclase with
carlsbadalbite twins
XPL
gabbro

plagioclase
XPL
Fish Canyon Tuff

Orthoclase
Framework Silicates
triclinic (+,-)
Relief low; Colour colourless; RI Birefringence - 0.006-0.012; Interference
orderExtinction inclined; Comments simple 'Carlsbad' twinning; alters to the
illite, kaolinite and montmorrillonite.

Carlsbad twinned
crystal of orthoclase
XPL
Fish Canyon Tuff

Fragments of
orthoclase, showing
concentric zoning
XPL
Fish Canyon Tuff

1.518-1.539;
colours - 1st
Often shows
clay minerals

zoned crystal of
orthoclase
XPL
Fish Canyon Tuff

Microcline
Feldspar Group
monoclinic (-)
Relief low ; Colour colourless; RI - 1.518-1.529;
Birefringence - 0.006-0.010; Interference colours - low first
order.; Comments - shows cross-hatched, 'tartan', multiple
twins.

The typical appearance of microcline


in a granite with 'Tartan Twins'
XPL
Granite

Classificati
on
of
Carbonates

Calcite

Carbonate
trigonal (-)
Relief - variable; low to moderate; Colour colourless;
RI - 1.658-1.486; Birefringence - 0.172; Interference
colours - 4th order; Extinction - inclined

calcite
PPL

calcite
XPL

Loch Borrolan Carbonatite

Loch Borrolan Carbonatite

Dolomite
Dolomite occurs frequently as a diagenetic alteration of calcite. Like the other carbonate
minerals, dolomite has variable relief in PPL and extreme birefringence in XPL. Secondary
dolomite often forms a mosaic of rhombic crystals, as shown below.

50x PPL

100x PPL
Dolomite and
Glauconite

25x XPL
Dolomite

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