ATOMS AND COMPOUNDS

Lavoisier (1743-1794)

1.

Laws of Chemical Combination

Law of Conservation of Matter

Matter is neither created nor destroyed in chemical
reactions

Law of Constant Composition

or Definite Proportions
Given compound always has same elements in same
mass ratio or % composition (both are intensive
properties)
e.g in sodium chloride, there is 1.54 times mass of
chlorine in the compound as there is sodium

Example1

Exampl 2

Law of Multiple Proportions

If two elements form more than one compound between

them, then the ratios of the masses of the second element
which combine with a fixed mass of the first element will
be ratios of small whole numbers.
For example, considering two of the carbon oxides:
CO and CO2, 100 grams of carbon may react with
133 grams of oxygen to produce carbon monoxide,
or with 266 grams of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide.
The ratio of the masses of oxygen that can react with
100 grams of carbon is 266:133 2:1, a ratio of small
whole numbers.
Applies to elements that combine to form more than
one compound.
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Example 3

2. Daltons Atomic Theory

1. Matter is made up of very tiny, indivisible particles (atoms).
2. Atoms of each element have the same mass, different from
other elements.
3. Atoms combine to form molecules in small whole number
ratios.
4. Atoms of some pairs of elements can combine in different
ratios to from different compounds .
5. When #4 occurs the 1:1 ratio will be most stable.

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3. Subatomic Particles
Atom is not indivisible, but has smaller particles within- protons,
neutrons and electrons. Once the atom is divided into its subatomic
particles, it no longer retains the identity of the original element.
All protons, neutrons and electrons are identical. We study their
mass, charge and location in the atom.
Table Proton electron neutron.

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Mass number(A) is an integer, not same as atomic mass.

( A= Z + n = p + n )
Elements identity depends on number of protons.
(Z=p)
Atoms are neutral, protons equal electron.
(p=e)

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Isotopes:
Elements with same number of protons and different
numbers of neutrons, they are atoms of the same
element.
e.g:

11 H and

12 H

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Partsoftheatom
The nucleus: the central portion of the atom containing most
of the mass but least of its volume. It is composed of
Protons: positively charged subatomic particles. Each element
has a unique number of protons.
Neutrons: neutral subatomic particles are called nuetrons. The
atoms of an element may have different numbers of neutrons.
If so, they are said to be isotopes of one another. For example,
carbon has three different naturally occurring isotopes. All of
the isotopes of carbon have six protons in their nuclei. One of
the isotopes has six neutrons, one has seven, and one has eight.
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Outside the nucleus (where the electrons live):

the outer portion of the atom, containing least of the mass
yet having most of the volume.
Electrons:
very small subatomic particles with negative charge, move
through this volume of space outside the nucleus. This
volume of space is organized into shells, subshells, and
orbitals. That involves quantum mechanics, which we will
postpone as long as possible.
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Atomic number ( Z) :
It is the number of proton in an atom of an element.
For example, all of the atoms of the element iron have
26 protons, so the mass number of iron is 26. The atomic
number is unique for each element. During nuclear reactions,
an element may change into another.
For clarity and as an aid to balancing nuclear
reaction equations, the atomic number may be written as part
of theatomic symbol. If so, it appears at the bottom left, as 26Fe.

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Mass number ( A) :
the number of protons and neutrons
in an atom of a specific isotope of an element. For example,
oxygen has an atomic number of eight. The isotope of
oxygen having ten neutrons has a mass number of 18. The
atomic symbol may include the mass number, if it is
relevant. The mass number is written at the top left, as 18O.

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Atomic Masses
The actual masses of individual atoms cannot be measured
with existing technology.
Relative atomic mass scale (or atomic weight scale) is relative
to Carbon-12 (exactly 12 amu).
Some elements have atoms (same Z) with different numbers of
neutrons- isotopes, thus different (A).
Hydrogen isotopes & Carbon isotopes & Berkley isotopes
Atomic mass is weighted average of As
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Example 4

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5. Development of the Periodic Table

Mendeleyev (1834-1907)

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Based on atomic masses (protons & atomic number, Z, unknown at

that time).
Periods (rows) show cycle through values for various physical or
chemical properties, start new row when cycle repeats with a high or
low value.
Missing elements lead to discovery of new elements : 31, gallium;
32, germanium

Cobalt and nickel out of order by atomic mass- Mendeleyev

explained as experimental error in measurement of mass

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Example 5

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 Brown's Periodic Table

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