WEEK 2-6

Energy Balance for NonReactive System

Elements of energy balance

calculations
Procedure for energy balance
calculations
Changes in pressure at constant
temperature
Changes in temperature
Sensible heat and heat capacity
Balances on phase operation
Estimation & correlation of latent
heat

Elements of energy balance

calculations (page 359)
Energy balance closed system
U + Ek + Ep = Q W
Assumptions;
1. U 0, no temp changes, no phase change, no
chem reaction, closed system, P less than a few
atm.
2. Ek = 0, no acceleration, no rising, no falling.
3. Q = 0, temp system = temp surrounding, perfect
insulation, adiabatic.
4. W = 0, no moving part, no electrical current, no
radiation at the system boundary

Energy balance open system

W
E
E
Q

H
K
P
S

H m ( H out H in )

Hea
t

Work

unit
H enthalpy change energy / time J / s kJ / h
H specific enthalpy energy / mol J / mol kJ / kmol

8.1a Reference states (for detail pls ref

7.5a)
Choose a temperature, pressure and state
of component as ref state.
Pls read page 363.point 3.

Example

Carbon monoxide from ref state to two other

states. Data in Table below is at 1 atm;
Ref state : CO(g), 0oC, 1atm

T(deg
C)
0
100
500

H (J/mol)
0
2919
15060

Note:
you can choose other data as ref point.
At ref point the H and U are defined as
zero.

8.1b Hypothetical process path

(page 360)

Change in P, Constant T (Ref Sec 8.2)

Change in T, Constant P (Ref Sec 8.3)
Estimation of Cp..refer 8.3c
Phase change (Ref Sec 8.4)

Test yourself #2 page 361

Example: to construct hypothetical

process path
Phenol
(solid, 25 deg C, 1 atm to gas, 300 deg
C, 3 atm)
What to do?
Refer to the physical property of
phenol, its boiling point, melting
point. Refer appendix of the text
book.
Ref text book page 360

8.1c Procedure for energy balance

calculations page 360

1. Mass balance.
2. Write the energy balance
3. Choose the suitable reference
4. Construct table
5. Calculate the required specific U or H
6. Calculate the total U or H
7. Calculate the W, Ep, Ek
8. Solve the energy balanceQ

Example 8.1-1
Material balance equation; Q = H
Choose reference states for the
components; based on the available
data of the question or from the list
of Table B.8
Construct an inlet-outlet table
Calculate all unknown specific
enthalpies using the chosen
reference states

 H1 = Href Hstat
= Ac(l, 20oC, 5 atm) Ac(v, 65oC, 1
atm)
Draw the hypothetical paths;
(l,20oC,5atm)
(l,20oC,1atm)
(l,56oC,1atm)
(v,56oC,1atm)
(v,65oC,1atm)

 Sec 8.2 change in pressure

H = VP, V from table B.1 use the sp
gr and mw
Sec 8.3 change in temp
H = Cp(T)dT (from T2-T1)
Sec 8.4 phase change (ref Table
B.1)

Psychrometric Charts
Figure 8.4.1 (SI Unit)
Figure 8.4.2 (American Standard Engineering
Unit)
Abbreviation:
DA dry air
T - dry-bulb temperature (x-axis)
ha absolute humidity @ moisture content (kg
H2O/kg DA) (y-axis)
hr relative humidity (curve on the
phychrometric chart)

 Tdp dew point temperature at which air

becomes saturated if it is cooled at constant
pressure.
vH humid volume (m3/kg DA) the humid
volume occupied by 1 kg of DA
Twb wet bulb temperature ..
H - Specific enthalpy of saturation air (kJ/kg DA)
- (diagonal scale above the saturation curve)
Enthalpy deviation (kJ/kg DA) almost
vertical and convex to the left with values of
-1.2, -1.0.
Adiabatic cooling..liquid water move along
the wet-bulb temp line to the 100% hr.

Example 1:
Air at 29oC, 20% hr, cooled at constant
pressure move horizontally to the
saturation curve, 100% hr the Tdp is 4oC.
Example 2:
Calculated volume occupied by 150 kg of
humid air at T = 30oC, hr = 30%. Refer
Figure 8.4.1.
Determine the ha and vH then calculate
the volume for 150 kg humid air

Example 3:
Determine specific enthalpy of
saturated air at 25oC,
1 atm with ha = 0.0202 kg H2O/kg
DA
The specific enthalpy can be
calculated using Table B-2 and B-5.
(another method)

Example 4:
Air at 35oC, hr =10%, specific
enthalpy 45kJ/kg DA and the
enthalpy deviation is -0.52 kJ/kg DA.
Therefore the specific enthalpy at the
given condition is (45-0.52) = 44.5
kJ/kg DA
Try Example 8.4-5 and 8.4-6