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Transformer
An A.C. device used to change high voltage low
current A.C. into low voltage high current A.C. and
vice-versa without changing the frequency
In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to
another
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual
inductive influence of each other.
Principle of operation
It is based on
principle
of
MUTUAL
INDUCTION.
According
to
which an e.m.f. is
induced in a coil
when current in
the neighbouring
coil changes.
Core type
Note:
High voltage conductors are smaller cross section conductors
than the low voltage coils
Construction of transformer
from stampings
Core type
Shell type
The HV and LV
windings are split
into no. of
sections
Where HV winding
lies between two
LV windings
In sandwich coils
leakage can be
controlled
Working of a transformer
1. When current in the primary coil
changes being alternating in
nature, a changing magnetic field
is produced
2. This changing magnetic field gets
associated with the secondary
through the soft iron core
3. Hence magnetic flux linked with
the secondary coil changes.
4. Which induces e.m.f. in the
secondary.
Ideal Transformers
Zero leakage flux:
-Fluxes produced by the primary and secondary currents
are confined within the core
The windings have no resistance:
- Induced voltages equal applied voltages
The core has infinite permeability
- Reluctance of the core is zero
- Negligible current is required to establish magnetic
flux
Loss-less magnetic core
- No hysteresis or eddy currents
Ideal transformer
V1 supply voltage ;
V2- output voltgae;
Im- magnetising current;
E1-self induced emf ;
EMF equation of a
transformer
Worked out on board /
Refer pdf file: emf-equation-oftranformer
Transformer on load
Equivalent circuit of a
transformer
No load equivalent circuit:
Contd.,
The effect of circuit parameters shouldnt be changed
while transferring the parameters from one side to
another side
It can be proved that a resistance of R2 in sec. is
equivalent to R2/k2 will be denoted as R2(ie. Equivalent
sec. resistance w.r.t primary) which would have caused
the same loss as R2 in secondary,
I 12 R2' I 22 R2
I2
R
I1
'
2
R2
2
k
R2
Transferring secondary
parameters to primary side
where
Approximate equivalent
circuit
Since the noload current is 1% of the
full load current, the nolad circuit can
be neglected
Transformer Tests
The performance of a transformer can be calculated on
the basis of equivalent circuit
The four main parameters of equivalent circuit are:
- R01 as referred to primary (or secondary R02)
- the equivalent leakage reactance X01 as referred
to primary
(or secondary X02)
- Magnetising susceptance B0 ( or reactance X0)
- core loss conductance G0 (or resistance R0)
The above constants can be easily determined by two
tests
- Oper circuit test (O.C test / No load test)
- Short circuit test (S.C test/Impedance test)
These tests are economical and convenient
- these tests furnish the result without actually
loading the
transformer
Electrical Machines
Open-circuit Test
In Open Circuit Test the transformers secondary winding is
open-circuited, and its primary winding is connected to a
full-rated line voltage.
R0
Woc
V0 I 0
Usually conducted
on H.V side
To find
(i) No load loss or
core loss
(ii) No load current
Io which is helpful in
finding Go(or Ro )
and Bo (or Xo )
I m or I I 0 sin 0 I 02 -I w2
I 0 V0 Y0 ;
Yo
V0
I
I
G0 w
V0
X0
I c or I w I 0 cos 0
V0
Iw
I0
V0
B0
I
V0
Woc
V02
Short-circuit Test
Contd
Full load cu loss Wsc I sc2 R01
R 01
Wsc
I sc2
Z 01
Vsc
I sc
X 01 Z 012 R012
Regulation up
V S ,nlVS , fl
Regulation down
VS , fl
100%
V S ,nlVS , fl
VS ,nl
100%
Vp
Regulation up
VP / k VS , fl
Regulation down
Electrical Machines
VS , fl
x 100%
VP / k VS , fl
VS ,nl
x 100%
Voltage regulation
recall
Vs N s
Vp N p
N2
N1
V2 V1
N2
V2
V1
N1
N2
V1
N1
03/30/15
Electrical
Machines
Aamir Hasan Khan
36
VP
VS Req I S jX eq I S
k
03/30/15
Electrical
Machines
Aamir Hasan Khan
37
03/30/15
Electrical
Machines
Aamir Hasan Khan
38
03/30/15
Electrical
Machines
Aamir Hasan Khan
39
Electrical Machines
0 V2
0 V2
where ' ' for lagging and '-' for leading
In terms of primary values
V1 V2' I 1 R01 cos 1 I 1 X 01 sin 1
% regulation
V1
V1
where ' ' for lagging and '-' for leading
Transformer Efficiency
Transformer efficiency is defined as (applies to motors,
generators and transformers):
Pout
100%
Pin
Pout
100%
Pout Ploss
VS I S cos
x100%
PCu Pcore VS I S cos
Electrical Machines
Losses in a transformer
Core or Iron loss:
Copper loss:
Contd.,
all day
output in kWh
( for 24 hours)
Input in kWh