Variation: genetic

Genes have info for you too be

factors
formed. Genes control different
(dimples,eye
characteristics
colour) ,
Genes are in
environmental
chromosomes,
factors (hair, scars)
chromosomes
Differences of
are in nucleus,
individuals in the
nucleus are in Chromosomes- 2
same species is
every cell.
variation.
DNA strands
Alleles- different
versions of a gene
e.g. dimples (dadno ds, mum ds)

Genes can be
influenced by
environmental
factors.
2 alleles samehomozygous
2 alleles different
heterozygous

Dominant alleles
recessive allele
Embryo selection can prevent babies
with genetic disorder through IVF.
Ova/eggs are fertilised and tested
healthy ones are put in the uterus.
PGD- embryos multiple to 8 cells
then 1 tested.
Pre- selection
can reduce
variation.

Biology: B1
revision cards

You and your genes

Tobi Ojo
10T

If egg cell is
fertilised by Y
its male,
fertilised by X
its female.

Female sex
chromosome: XX
Male sex
chromosome: XY

DNA moleculeshow everything Functional pshould

enzymes speed up
function/form.
reactions.
Genes issue
instructions. Cells
carry it out by
making proteins.
Structual p
growth/repair
Rare disorders
can be caused by
a faulty allele.
i.e. Huntington's
disease :affects
nervous system,
damages nerve Huntington allele is
cells, clumsy,
dominant, cystic
forgetful, mood, fibrosis alleles is
concentration
recessive. (carrier)

Asexual- single Stem cells can develop into any type of

cell organisms can cell. They can be used to replace tissue.
reproduce by
e.g. Parkinson's disease. 2 types of
dividing (clones) stem cells: adult and embryonic.
most plant/animals
Adult stem cells taken from
can produce this
Plants naturally
places that can repair
way. Natural
produce clones when
themselves like bone marrow
clones: embryo
they form blubs or
or umbilical cord blood.
separate or twins.
runners. (store)

Humans have 23
pairs of
chromosomes.
Sex cells have
single
chromosomes.
23 from dad ,
23 from mum
Genetic testing can be used to detect
faulty alleles. Fluid surrounding fetus
can be tested (small risk) effect of
information. results could be used to
discriminate.
People may
be turned
down for jobs
or insurance
Stem cells can
also be taken
from a
developing
embryo. This
idea is very
controversial
but the
under regulations
government
to avoid misuse.
allow it but

Infections are caused

by: microorganisms
damaging cells,
producing poison/toxin.
Antimicrobial drugs
(antibiotics) can treat
this. They kill
microorganism or slow
them down.
(inhabitation)
White blood cells
produce specific
antibodies for
specific infections.
Memory cells
remember this then
if reinfected it can
fight the infection
quicker (natural
immunity).
drugs have to be tested for
safety and effectiveness.
They do this by testing it
on cells (no ones harmed
but doesnt show effect on
whole organism, growing
cells is wrong. Then tested
of animals(animals can
die, react differently to
humans)

Biology: B2
revision cards

Keeping healthy

Tobi Ojo
10T

Examples of microorganism: bacteria

(TB), fungi (athlete's foot),
viruses(cold/flu)
Antibiotics dont
work on viruses.
Microorganism can
be everywhere. Our
body is ideal due to:
warmth, nutrients,
moisture.

Vaccinations help your body to come

immune to some antibodies. A
weakened /dead version of the infection
is injected into a person. Some vaccines
are redeveloped due to mutation of
infections.
Clinical
trial are
tested on
healthy
people to
see if a
drug is
good and
Clinical trials compare a old safe for
and new drug.
others.
Heart disease usually
caused by lifestyle
(smoking, stress, diet,
alcohol). This happens
when fat builds up
clocking the flow of blood
heart doesnt get nutrients
or oxygen. Blood pressure
can monitor risk of heart
disease.

Microorganisms can multiply rapidly

and you only see symptoms when
there is a considerable amount of
infection.
If a

One type of whit blood cell engulfs

and ingest the microorganism and
its then destroyed.
Another white blood cell become
sensitised to the antigens on the
microorganism
microorganism and produces
gets into youre
antibodies which lock on the
body your
antigens making them easy for the
immune
white blood cells to digest.
system is
activated.
People dont have to
Resistance to drug(superbugs). To
be vaccinated but if a
stop this only take drugs when
lot decide not to more
necessary, complete every course.
are at risk.
Bacteria and fungi
can become resistant
to antimicrobials due
to mutation: new
strains.
Blind test- patients
Placebos- Heart- right side pumps blood to
doesnt know drugs given are fake/ lungs, left side pumps blood
to stop biasness. Doubleharmless everywhere else. Main vessels are:
blind test- patients nor
drugs
vein (blood back to heart, thin walls,
doctor knows drugs
elastic), arteries (blood to organs,
given. Open-label trialthick walls, elastic), capillaries
everyone knows. Long(blood between arteries and veins,
term trial- making sure
narrow, one layer thick).
treatment is effective in
the long-term
Water input (food, drinks, respiration) If you have too
water output (excretion, breathing,
much water your
sweating). Stability of internal
urine will be
environment is called homeostasis.
dilute if you have
Water level monitored
to little water
by receptors cells in
your urine will be
Drugs like
brain, brain sends info
concentrated a
alcohol and
to effectors, pituitary
hormone called
ecstasy effect the
glands responds,
ADH controls this
production of
hormone released.

Species
(similar
organisms
adapt to their
environment
to help them
survive.
Cactus: leaves are spines and thick
outer layer to reduce water loss.
Wide roots to store water.
An ecosystem is a place
with self-sustained
organisms and their
surroundings.
Autotrophs: make their
food, heterotrophs: cant
make food. Eats plants
primary consumer, eat
meat secondary/ tertiary
consumers

Fish; gills to take in

O2 ,fins to move
easily, swim bladder
maintain position in
water.
If they cant adapt they
may become extinct:
increase competition, new
predator, new disease
Food chain energy: sun, autotroph,
herbivore, carnivore, decompose.
Energy loss:
respiration,
excretion, bone,
fur. Less energy
at each stage
limit to food
chain length.
Detritivores feed on dead organisms.

Fossils are made from materials that

First molecules either came from
have not decayed that are
conditions on earth, deep sea or an
compressed under ground.
external source. Evidence in gas clouds.
Evolution from
All organism share
natural selection.
certain traits( cellular
Evolution- slow
structure), and
continual change
genetic code. Fossil
over time results
fuels support this and
in adapted
DNA evidence.
creatures.

Biology: B3
revision cards
Life on earth

Tobi Ojo
10T

Animals compete for resources. food

chains show feeding relationships
between organisms. When organisms
eat each other energy is passed along
but some is lost.
If something becomes
extinct another animal is at
risk. Because of they are
dependant on each other.

All materials in the world are recycled. Carbon cycle: removed by

Energy cant be created or destroyed
photosynthesis, animals eat protein,
plants/animals respire, combustion,
Nitrogen cycle:
decomposition.
animals eat
Life started on earth
protein(nitrogen)
3500 million years ago.
, nitrogen is
Species are organisms
excreted, animal
that can breed.
decompose,
Meters to measure levels of gases i.e.
Equation: 80/800 x 100 = 10% O2 or living organisms as indicators.
Survival of the
Examples of change is in moths they
fittest- best
adapted to the bark of trees because
offspring
of pollution some are dark some are
survive genes
light.
Selective breeding is
passed on.
when animals produce
Only variation
offspring with desirable
can be passed
Lamarcks
theory
is
characteristics. For
on if mutation
that
animals
adapt
to
examples looks or
has occurred in
their environment
produce. (man made)
the sex cells.

Life is organised into kingdoms based

on organism features. E.g. animal K
Managing the
needs of
people
without
Biodiversity is the
damaging the
variety of life when an
earthanimal is extinct the
sustainability
genetic code is lost.

The rate of extinction

is rising because of
humans: destroying
the environment of
killing them off.

Environmental changes can also effect

the food web i.e. less greens grow.
Food chains are
inter-related
and shows
animals have
varied diets
The sun is the mains source of energy
plants use the energy to
photosynthesis. Energy is transferred

reduce landfill site: recycling,

biodegradable material ( cardboard,
cellulose carrier bags). These are all
good but its better to reduce waste.
Because energy is required to discard
of material also transport costs.