Can you compare the condition of

the plant shown below?

When the soil around the roots of a plant

lacks water
OR
the rate of loss of water is faster than the rate
of absorption of water, the cell in the plant will
contain less water and fail to support the
plant.
The plant BECOMES WILT.

TRANSPIRATION
is a process by which water is lost in the form

of water vapour from the surface of a plant

into the air by evaporation.

- The leaf consists of a single layer of

epidermal cell that covers both the upper and

lower surfaces of the leaf.
- Epidermal cell secrete waxy cuticle covering
the outer surface of the leaf that will reduce
water loss during transpiration.
- Much of water loss during transpiration in
plants takes place through the stomata found
in the leaf

Figure below shows the structure of the

epidermis of a leaf and its stomata.

The cells that control the opening and closing
of a stomata are GUARD CELLS.

Water vapour is lost through the stomata.

Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide

diffuse in and out of the leaf through the

stomata during photosynthesis and
respiration.

Rate of transpiration
Mainly through stomata
So number of stomata affects its rate of

transpiration.
The rate of transpiration also affected by
environmental factor :
Light intensity
Temperature
Humidity
wind

Light intensity

The higher the light intensity, the higher the

rate of transpiration.
Temperature
The higher the temperature, the higher the
rate of transpiration.
Humidity
The higher the humidity, the lower the rate of
transpiration.
Wind
The higher the air movement, the higher the
rate of transpiration.

Important roles of
Transpiration
Produces cooling effect on the leaves. So it

helps them to withstand high temperatures.

Help in transportation of water and mineral
salts in plant.

During transpiration, absorbed water and

dissolved mineral salts are sucked up from the

roots, up the stem and then to its leaves.

The transport system in plants

consists of two conducting

tissues that is :
- xylem
- phloem.

The xylem transport water and mineral salts

from roots to leaves for photosynthesis and to

replace water lost during transpiration.
The phloem transport food produced in leaves
by photosynthesis to other parts of plants.
The xylem and phloem found in vascular
bundle.

Question :
Are the patterns of the

vascular bundles in the roots,

stem and leaves similar or
different ?

Activity 2.3 : Transport of water via the

xylem
Day
Date
Aim
Apparatus

To investigate the pathway of water in a herbaceous

plant
Conial flask.

Material

Eosin solution

Procedure

Figure 2.17
1)
The roots of a balsam plant is washed carefully
with water
2)
The roots of the balsam plant is immersed in
eosin solution in a conical flask.
3)
After about 30 minutes, thin transverse section
of a leaf, a stem and a root is cut using a razor
blade.
4)
Each section is examined under a microscope
and labelled diagram of each observed section

Activity 2.2 : The stomata in the epidermis of a

leaf
Day
Date
Aim
Apparatus

To identify the stomata in the epidermis of a leaf under

a microscope.
Microscope.

Material

Spider lily leaves

Procedure

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A thin layer of nail varnish is brushed on the lower

epidermis of a leaf.
The nail varnish is let dry.
The layer of nail varnish is peel off by using forceps.
A slide of the layer of nail varnish is prepared.
The slide is examined under a microscope.
The stomata is drawn and labelled.