Pengenalan kepada

masyarakat malaysia

1.1 The Early History Of

Malaysia

Ancient (kuno) history

Paleolithic
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Metal Age

Paleolithic

The characteristics:
Exist 35,000 years ago
Lived in caves
Main activity- collecting product & hunting
Started using stone tools
The tools simple & crude
Area- Tampan Estuary, Badak cave (Perak),

Niah Cave(sarawak) & Tingkayu (sabah).

Mesolithic

The characteristics:
Exist 11,000 years ago
Live in caves, along rivers & lake
Started farming
Used more refined stone tools
Able to make earthenware
Area- Cha cave (Kelantan), Kecil cave

(Pahang), Kepah Cave (Kedah), Jenderam Hilir

(Selangor)

Neolithic

The characteristic:
Exist 5,000 years ago
Used more sophisticated stone tools.
Started rearing livestock
Started communicating with communities in
other places
Started creating object and using accessories
Area- Cha cave(Kelantan), Madai cave(Sabah),
Gamantang cave(Sabah), Tengkorak
cave(sarawak)..etc

Metal Age

The characteristic:
Exist 2,500 years ago
Population grew
Developed residential
Areas in wide open land near rivers
More orderly & sedentary lifestyle
Practices social customs
Area- Lang River(Selangor), Muar river(Johor),
Tembeling River(Pahang), Terengganu River
(Trgnu)

1.2
Age

Protohistory

Arise on early kingdoms in the Malay

Archipelago
It proves by founding of archaeological
evidence & some record from Yunan, Arab,
Persians, China & India.

What is Malay
Archipelago???
Largest group of islands in the world
located off the southeastern coast of Asia

between the Indian and Pacific oceans

It consists of the more than 13,000 islands of
Indonesia and some 7,000 islands of the
Philippines
Principal islands include the Greater Sunda
Islands (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes),
the Lesser Sundas, the Moluccas, New Guinea
, Luzon, Mindanao, and the Visayan Islands.

Malay kingdoms in Malay

Archipelago
Funan- located in Kampuchea, influence by

Old Kedah religion. E.g. Pengkalan Bujang

Old Kedah- monarchy system, strategic
location, important entreport, influence by
Hinduism & Buddhism.
Gangga Negara port & trade centre
Langkasuka, Patani- trade centre, influence
by Hinduism & Buddhism

contd
Chih-tu, Kelantan- influence by Buddhism,

strong relationship with China

Srivijaya, Sumatera- well-known trade
centre, strong relationship with China & India,
centre of Buddhism & Sanskrit language, own
several vassal States.
Majapahit, Jawa- Owned several vassal
states, trade centre, strong relationship with
China, India & the Middle East.

Majapahit..
Is the strongest kingdom in 13 century..but..
Its GOLDEN ERA ends after the existence of

the Malay Kingdom of Malacca.

THE MALAY
KINGDOM OF
MALACCA

The GOLDEN AGE of

Malacca.
Known as The Venice of The East
Spread of Islam
Vast territory
Strong trade relations with China & India
Empire of advance civilization

PROSPERITY OF MALACCA
EMPIRE
Geographic- strategic location midway the trade
routes between China & India, its port hidden
from south-west & north-west monsoon wind,
natural deep port.
Economy- centre of maritime, rich with natural
resources, cheap price, low & orderly tax
collection, lots of facilities
Political Administration- centre of the spread
of Islam, diplomatic ties with China, efficient
administrative system, Malay is lingua franca,
strong military

Develop The Early

Integration..
Existence of plural society
Existence of plurality society
Plurality in nature..
British Colonization
Existence of concept Pecah Perintah

(separation between county & religion)

-

Effects of Colonization
British Colonization
Existence of concept Pecah Perintah

(separation between country & religion)

Separation of Power ( judiciary, executive &
legislative)
Education 3M

Fall of the Malacca

Empire
Factors decline of
Malacca Empire

internal

external

Internal
Sultan Mahmud Syah was a weak

ruler
Weak administration & lack of
efficient leader
Fight between Malays and IndianMuslims.
Merchant activities decreased
Sea people do not help Malacca
against Portuguese

External
Discovery of the Cape of Good

Hope in south Africa

Bad attitude from outsiders
Malacca was taken by
Portuguese
Internal conflicts

MULTIRACIAL SOCIETY
Ethnic Composition of the Malaysian
Population
Chinese and Indian immigrants came to
Malaya after the development of the tin ore
industry in 1848.
Chinese comprised merchants who settled in
Malacca, Kuala Terengganu and the estuary of
the Johor and Pahang rivers, while Indians
were labourers in sugar cane and coffee
plantations in Penang Island and Province
Wellesley.

Ethnic Composition of the Malaysian Population

(Contd)

According to 1870 statistics, the total

population in Malaya was less than half a

million
In 1921, the figure increase to 3.3 million.
In 1931, the total population of non-Malays
exceeded the total population of Malays;
Malays was 44.7%, non-Malays were 53.2%
where 39.0% was Chinese.
By the time independence, Malays was
49.8%, Chinese was 37.2%, and Indians was
11.3% and others, 1.8%.

Main inhabitants of Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia

Malay

Banjar
Boyan
Bugis
Jawa
Kampar
Kerinci
Mendaling
Minangkabau
Rawa
Johor-Riau

Chinese
Hokkien
Chuan-Chew
Chin-Chew
Eng-Hua
Eng-Choon
Hok-Chew
Kwantung
Kanton
Teochew
Hakka
Hailam

Main inhabitants of Malaysia

(contd)
Indian
Malayali
Punjabi
Ceylonese
Tamil
Telegu

Indigenous
Negrito
Senoi
Melayu Asli (each of the

stocks consists of a tribal

community)

Sabah & Sarawak

Sabah
Bajau
Dusun
Murut
Bisaya
Kadayun
Orang Sungai
Orang Laut
Brunei

Sarawak
Bidayuh
Bisaya
Iban
Kayan
Kedayan
Kelabit
Kenyah
Melanau
Malays
Murut
Penan
Punan

The Malays
History of the Malays in Malaya
Most of the Malay people in Peninsular Malaya

today were the descendants of people who

originated from the Indonesian Archipelago.

The factors of the Indonesian

migration to Malaya.

After the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, the area

was divided into Indonesia and Malaysia

Javanese

The great migration resulting from the Dutch

transmigration policy, that is, the moving of people from

the Island of Jawa.
The majority of them consisted of coffee and rubber
plantation workers and labourers in newly opened land. It
was estimated that i1930, there were 170,000 Jawa people
in Singapore.
In Malaya, most of the Jawa people were concentrated in
Johor (Muar, Batu Pahat and Pontian), Selangor (Kelang,
Kuala Selangor, Kuala Langat) and Perak (Hilir Perak, Krian,
Parit Buntar)

Banjar
The Banjar people originated from the district

of Banjarmasin, Kalimantan
Most of them were involved in paddy planting
In 1931, the Banjar population in Malaya
totalled 45,382 people
Most Banjar people lived along the coast and
in river valleys such as Kerian, Parit Buntar
(Perak), Sabak Bernam (Selangor) and Batu
Pahat (Johor)

Bugis
The Bugis people originated from the

Sulawesi Islands
They were the business groups and in Malaya,
many of them lived in Perak, Selangor,
Pahang, and Johor
In Johor, the Bugis people were mostly found
in the Benut, Kukup and Rengit (Batu Pahat
district) areas, while in Selangor, they were
mostly found in the Langat Valley, In Perak,
the Bugis people were mainly merchants.

Boyanese
The Boyan people originated from Boyan

Island
The majority of them migrated to Singapore,
Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru and Penang
Island.
They concentrated in cities because they
were experts in horse-rearing.

Minangkabau
The Minangkabau people originated from

Sumatra
In Malaya, they were found mainly in Negeri
Sembilan and Malacca, where they were
known as followers of Adat Perpatih.
They were mostly involved in business and
agriculture.

Economy
Malays were the poorest compared to Chinese and Indians.
Many of the Malays were involved in the agricultural and

traditional industries sectors that were said to have low

productivity.
Most Malays live in the rural areas where the standard of
living is low.
Malays are not exposed to similar opportunities as other
communities living in urban areas.
The British policies had ultimately left the Malays in the
rural areas and involved in traditional economic activities.
The British denied the Malays an involvement in modern
economic activities largely participated by the non-Malays.

Politics
Malays were strong in the political sense but

weak economically.
Malay and pro-Malay parties always have the
most elected representation in Parliament.
Malay organization the United Malay
National Organization (UMNO).

Sosiocultural
Majority of Malays live in villages which the

community has strong ties and strict social

control.
The Malays like and have a high regard for
consensus and family is the important
institution fro social security.
All Malays are Muslims, but not all Muslims
are Malays.

The Chinese
The majority of the Chinese in the country

today are descendants of the Chinese

immigrants who came in the nineteenth
century.
Most of the Chinese in Malaya originated from
Fukien, Kwangtung and Kwangsi in South
China.

The factors that led the Chinese

to migrate to Malaya

Cluster &
Population number in 1921
- Hokkien
380,656
Consist of businessmen and shopkeepers
- Cantonese
332,307
Consist of miners and craftsmen (carpenter,
cobbler and iron smith)
-Hakka
218,139
Consist of miners

Cluster &
Population number in 1921
(contd)

-Teochew
130,231
Consist of shopkeepers and farmers who
started sugar cane plantations in Wellesley
Province and Penang Islands, and Gambier
plantation and black pepper in Johor
-Hailam
68,393
Consist of restaurant owners and suppliers of
household needs

Economy
Many of them were involved in business as

merchants, businessmen, and craftsmen.

They are based on sub-ethnic groups; the
Hokkiens controlled the rubber estates, while
the Hainanese concentrated more on the
coffee shop business.

Politics
MCA-the Malayan Chinese Association to

protect their interests and also for selfgovernment.

The poor Chinese began to voice their
feelings through Labour Party, the People
Progressive Party and the Peoples Action
Party.

Sociocultural
In Malaysia, most of the Chinese are

Buddhists.
They celebrate festivals based on their roots
in the history and culture of society in China
such as The New Year is celebrated based on
the rotation of days related to planting
activities.

The Indians
There was an Indian settlement in Malacca

known as Kampung Kling. The Indians were

also recognized as propagators of Islam.
The Indian population in Malaya consisted of
those originating from South India (Tamil
Nadu).
They Indian labourers migrated to Malaya to
work in rubber and sugar cane plantations,
constructing building and roads, and as a
domestic helper.

The factors that encouraged the

migration of Indians to Malaya

Tamil
Originated from Tamil Nadu
The largest ethnic group in Malaya (80% of

the whole Indian population in Malaya)

Mostly worked in the rubber and oil palm
plantations. Others worked in government
offices.

Malayali
Originated from the Malabar Coast. Also

known as Malabari.
Formed 7% of the total Indian population in
Malaya consisting of the working and middle
class.
The working class is mostly found in the
plantations and the middle class, in clerical
and professional employment, they are also
famous for their restaurants.

Telegu
Originated from Andhra Pradesh
Formed 4% of the total Indian population in

Malaya
Mostly worked as labourers in plantations

Sikh
Originated from Punjab
Mostly worked as police and railway station

officers, security guards. Also involved in the

rearing of cows. It was said that the Sikhs
bullock cart service was an important form of
transport in the tin mines.
Starting from the 1920s, there were many
Sikhs involved in business and the
professionals fields.

Economy
The Chettiar groups came to Malaysia as loan

providers and were not involved in other

businesses. However, many of them started
businesses like restaurants, hairdressing and
cloth stores.
The majority of the Indians in Malaysia had
low income, and was involved in low-skilled or
unskilled occupations.

Politics
The main Indian political party in Malaysia is

the MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress).

The opposition by the citizens of India against
the British colonialists greatly influenced the
political activities of the Indians in Malaya
before World War One.

Sociocultural
Majority of the Indians in Malaysia from South

Indian descent speak Tamil.

Every group has its own dialect, societies and
religion. Most of the temples in Malaysia are
Saivite temples.
The religious festivals celebrated are
Thaipusam in Penang and Kuala Lumpur and
Sithraparuvam in Teluk Intan and punggal or
New Year festival.

INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF SABAH AND

SARAWAK

Kadazan
The largest community, also known as the

Dusun people.
Originally from Kalimantan and most of them
live in the hinterland.
Concentrated in the areas of the Ranau and
Tambunan Valley.

Bajau

This community was originally from Mindanao

and Sulu Island and was known as the sea
people and Samal people.
Concentrated in Semporna, Kota Belud and
Timbang Island in Sandakan Bay.
Murut
Live mostly in the interior such as Tenom,
Rundu, and Pensiangan
A small number among them still live in long
houses and are nomads

Sulu
Originally from the Sulu Archipelago and now

concentrated in Sungai Sugut

Muslims
- Brunei
Originally from Brunei and now settled in
Sabah, in Beaufort, Kimanis and Papar
Muslims

Malay
Originally from Sumatra, they have been there since the 15 th century
Live mostly along the coastal area
Muslims
Melanau
Live mostly along the Igan, Oya and Mukah rivers.
Muslims
Assimilated with the Malays and practice the Malay culture.
Iban
Originally from Kalimantan (River Kapuas)
Also known as the Sea Dayaks
The largest community and live in inland areas such as along the

Sungai Sekrang, Sungai Batang Lupar and Sungai Rejang

Penan
Most of them live as nomads in the woods.
Kelabit
Settled mainly in the area of the rivers Baram and Rejang
The most famous of their villages is Bario
Some of them still live in long houses

ABORIGINES

Negrito
-Kensiu , Kintak , Jahai , Lanoh , Mendriq ,

Bateq
Found in Kedah, Perak, Kelantan and Pahang.
Small body Frame, Dark colored skin, Large
nose,Curly hair
Activities: Cultivation and collecting forest
products
Live near the edge of the jungle, along the
banks of rivers

Senoi

Semai, Temiar, Jahut, Che Wong , Mahmeri,

Semoq Beri
Found in Perak, Kelantan, Selangor, Pahang,
Terengganu
Taller than Negritos, Dark colored skin
Activities: Shifting cultivation
Settlement areas: Hills, away from the coast.

Melayu Asli
Temuan , Semelai, Jakun, Kanaq People, Kuala

People, Seletar People

Found in Selangor, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan,
Malacca and Johore.
Larger and taller than Negritos, Dark colored
skin, Straight and black hair
Farming,Fisherman
Settlements areas: Close to Malay villages

UNITY AND NATIONAL

INTEGRATION

Concepts of Unity and Integration

National unity generally refers to the uniting

of various groups that have different social

and cultural backgrounds, into one physical
entity.

Ethnic Relations in Malaysia

The country is a multi-racial society that has

successfully created peace and become a

model of a calm and peaceful plural society
for other countries.

The Theory of Racial Relations

The relation between races can be seen from

the degree of nearness beginning with

relations that are apart to relations that are
close.
The processes portray how minority groups
become part of the main stream of a society.

The Theory of Racial Relations (Contd)

Segregation Split the area of the residence, the

school system, transportation, public facilities and

others among the ethnic groups in a country by law (de
jure) or not based on law (de facto).
Accomodation The ethnic groups aware of each
others norms and values but they continue to safeguard
their own living culture. Each ethnic group sends a
representative who represents his own group and
sometimes they are mutually dependent on one another.
Acculturation Known as cultural assimilation. Process
of borrowing or accepting the cultural elements of the
majority group, without changing the original cultural
elements.

The Theory of Racial

Relations (Contd)
Assimilation Known as structural

assimilation. The concept of assimilation is

about the entry into a dominant society
through friendship and close connection.
Amalgamation Happens when culture or
race mixes to form types of new culture and
race. e.g.: inter-marriage between ethnic
groups or races.

History of Ethnic
Relations
Before a society achieves the stage of

integration, it usually goes through five stages

of change.
- Stage of co-existence:
The people in same area rarely communicate
and contact between them is limited to
matters of necessity only.
-Stage of frequent external contact:
Gradually frequent contact among the
communities occurred, but the contact was
still unable to establish an understanding

History of Ethnic
Relations
- Stage of compromise:
Communities conscious of their common interest and
usually compromise takes place in the economic and
political area.
- Stage of unity:
The communities in the society compromise and
cooperate as much as possible, there is the tendency
for them to live unite in many ways
- Stage of integration:
Cooperation among races and they share the same
values create a sense of belonging and strong ties
among them.

National Integration Problems

Prejudice
Pre-judgment action or attitude towards other
groups or races.
Communalism
Attitude of favouring ones own ethnic
community. Lead to social gaps between
ethnic.
Ethnocentrism
Belief that ones own culture is superior to
that of others.

Causes and
Reinforcing Obstacles
to Integration
Ignorance of other ethnic groups
Limited or lack of understanding of the way of life,
the living conditions and the problems of other
races.
Socialization only within ethnic groups
Process of socialization of one ethnic group cannot
be exposing to other cultural elements.
Communal Politics
Each community still has their own racial political
party to voice the feelings and demands of their
community.

Causes and Reinforcing

Obstacles to
Integration( Contd)
Socio-economic difference
The socio-economic differences among the
ethnic groups still obvious and led to jealousy
and suspicious.
Cultural Differences
Different cultures could spark off feelings of
prejudice, racism, and ethnocentricism.
Segregation or Physical Separation
Physical segregation results in an ethnic
group not knowing another ethnic group.

THE STRIFE TOWARDS UNITY AND

NATIONAL INTEGRATION
Political Efforts
Actions through the legislative system laws and

acts are made by Parliament to settle the problem

related to unity.
The Constitution contains a number of clauses
oriented towards racial equality, such as
allocations that provide protection to certain
communities.

Political Efforts (Contd)

The Seditions Act aimed at preventing an

individual from raising sensitive issues in

public.
The Internal Security Act (ISA) is aimed at
protecting the countrys interests and
internal security.
The Alliance, the Barisan Nasional unites
all the parties into one bigger multi-racial
organization.

Economic Efforts
Government took some measures and

recorded in the five-year plan and government

development policies to have economic equity
among the races and to reduce the
identification of race by economic activity.
Creating Malay entrepreneurs by giving loans,
license and work contracts.

Economic Efforts (Contd)

Government encourages the bumiputra

community to buy government shares and

property like MARA.
Creating industrial zones to give employment
opportunities to the bumiputra community.
Government encourages foreign investors to
invest in the country.

Social and Cultural Efforts

The government encourages the sharing of

values among the races.

In 1971, the government introduces the
concept of National Culture to create a
national identity for the plural society of
Malaysia.
The Malay language was used as the official
language and also the national system of
education.
The government sets up agencies and
organizations such as KEMAS to develop racial

THE BASIS OF RACIAL

UNITY IN MALAYSIA

METHOD TO ACHIEVE
NATIONAL
INTEGRATION

Methods for Sociopsychological Development

Methods for Socio-economic

Development

The End