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Introduction
Footing are structural elements that transmit to the soil
column loads, wall loads or lateral loads. If these loads are to
be properly transmitted, footing must be designed to prevent
excessive settlement or rotation and to minimize differential
settlement.
To limit settlement within tolerably small amount, it is
necessary.
i.
ii.
Introduction
If adequate soil is not found immediately below the
structure, if becomes necessary to use deep foundations such
as piles to transmit the load to deeper, firmer layers.
Wall Footing
ii.
DL
qa
qa
qult
2 .5 3
M
but e does not exceed the kern distance.
P
qmax
min
P MC
A
I
qmax qa
o qmax
P
2
3m b
2P
qmax
3mb
Solution
W =20 + 8 = 28 k/ft
Assume 24 thick footing
24
2
(145 ) 290 lb / ft
12
Footing weight
24
2
(
100
)
200
lb
/
ft
Soil Fill on footing
12
28
5.08 ft say 5' - 3"
5.510
Solution
2
17.89 k.ft / ft
(12)(22)3
4
10648
in
Moment of Inertia
12
2 bottom concrete is neglected
ft 5 fc
= modulus of rupture and = 0.65
ftI (0.65 )(5 3000 )(10648 )
Mn h
22
(12000 )
2
2
= 14.36 k.ft/ft
< Mu
ftI
Putting Mu h
2
bh3
(0.65 )(5 3000 )
12
(
17
.
89
)(
12000
)
h
2
h = 24.56
with poor concrete h = 26.56
Solution
Footing weight
(145 ) 326.25 lb / ft
12
21
2
(100 ) 175 lb / ft
12
qe 6000 (326.25 175 ) 5498.75 lb / ft 2
28
Width of footing required
5.09 lb / ft
5.49875
Say 5 3
(12)(25)3
I
15625 in4
12
ftI (0.65 )(5 3000 )(15625 )
Mn h
25
(12000 )
2
2
= 18.54 k.ft/ft
So O.K.
Shear Check
Vc 2 fc b w d
2 3000 12 25
= 32863.35 lb
Vc = (0.85) (32863.35)
= 27933.85 lb
ba
d
Vu (qu )
2
5.25 1 25
So Vu (7.923 )(1000 )
2
12
= 330.125 lb
So O.K.
Solution
Assume 12 thick footing
Footing weight
12
2
(
150
)
150
lb
/
ft
12
Soil fill
36
2
(100 ) 300 lb / ft
12
Total = 450 lb/ft2
Solution
35
9.86 ft say 10 ft
3.550
(1.4)(20 ) (1.7)(15 )
Factored load reaction
5.35 k/ft 2
(10)(1)
Widh of footing
ba
d
2
10 1 8.5
5.35
2
12
20.29 k
Vc 2 fc bd 2 4000 12 8.5
Vu 5.35
1
1000
12.9 k
Vc 10.97 k
Solution
20
28
150
x 100
12
12
3516.67 lb / ft 2
35
width required
9.95 say 10
3.51667
1.4 20 1.7 15
qu
5.35 k / ft 2
10 1
qe 4000
Vu 5.35
9 16.5
2
2
16.72 k
Vc 2 fcbd
1
0.85 2 4000 12 16.5
1000
21.29 k
Solution
Mu 5.35
4 .5
2
54.17 k ft
Mu
Mn
bd2 bd2
54.17 12000
221.1 psi
2
0.9 12 16.5
Re quired R n
fy
40,000
m
11 .77
0.85 fc 0.85 4000
1
2mR n
1 1
m
fy
1
2 11 .77 221.1
1 1
0.00572
11 .77
40,000
min
200
200
Solution
#9 @ 9 c / c
1.33 in2
Development Length
Length required for # 9 bars = 25 (Table A.11)
Length available = (4.5) (12) 3 = 51 So
1
Use #5 @ 7 c/c (As = 0.49 in2)
2
O.K
i.
Beam Shear
V d
Vc 1.9 fc 2500 u bd 3.5 fc bd
Mu
bo=Perimeter
=4(a+d)
Where
4
Vc 2 fc bo d (ii)
c
Long side
c
of column
Short side
bo
Test show that Vc decreases as the ratio
increases.
d
Vc
2
bo
fc bo d
(iii)
A2
(0.85fc )A 1 2
A1
A1 is column cross-sectional
area
A2 is the area of the portion of the
supporting footing as defined in
Fig.
At least four dowels having area not
less that 0.005 times the xsectional area of the column and
the diameter of dowel should not
exceed the diameter of the
column by more than 0.15.
Development Length
(0.0009fy-24)db
Not less than 12
Problem
Design a square column footing to carry a column dead load of
197 k and a live load of 160 k from a 16 squired tied column
containing # 11 bars as the principal column steal. The
allowable soil pressure is 4.5 k/ft2. Use fc=3000 psi fy=40000
psi , 4 below final grade.
Solution
Assume 2 thick column footing
qe = 4500 (2)(150) - (2)(100) = 4000 lb/ft2
Required area 197 160 89.25 ft 2
4
16+20=36=3
Solution
Vu = (qu) (Area)
=(6.07){(9.5)2-32} = 493.19 k
c=1
Vc 4 fc bo d 4 3000 4 36 20
1
1000
630.98 k
Vc 0.85 630.98 536.3 k
The other equations are checked and give larger value so
this value is valid and for this Vc
Vc > Vu
Therefore no shear reinforcement is required.
Vu
( 493.19 )(1000 )
d
Solution
2.42
2
12
Vu 6.07 2.42 9.5 139 .55 k
9.5
1
2 3000 9.5 12 20
1000
249.76 k
Vc 0.85 249.76 212.3 k
2 fc b w
(0.85 )( 2)( 3000 )(9.5 12)
13.15
Solution
2
2
2
480.66 k.ft
4.083
Mu
( 480.66 )(12000 )
Re quired R n
2
bd
(0.85 )(114 )( 20 )2
148.81 psi
1
1
m
2mR n
1
fy
fy
0.85 fc
15.69
1
1
15.69
2 15.69 148.81
1
40,000
0.00384
40,000
0.85 3000
Solution
Mn 0.9 A s fy d
2
1.2384
1
0.9 9 40 20
2
12
523.29 k.ft
Mn Mu 480.66 k.ft
So use 15 # 7 bars each way
Solution
Bearing strength
Pn = (0.85fc) Ag
= (0.7)(0.85 x 3000)(16)2
= 456960 lb = 456.96 k
Pu = 547.8 k
Excess Pu
90.84
As
3.25 in2
fy
(0.7 )( 40 )
As
Excess Pu
90.84
3.47 in2
Solution
Bearing strength
Use 4 # 9 bars As = 4 in2
3000
16.47
If should not be less than ldb = 0.0003 fydb
=(0.0003)(40000)(1.128)=13.56
and can not be less than 8
24 thick footing is adequate for straight dowels.
Solution
If bends are provided in dowels then the available length is
24-3.0(cover)-2x0.875(footing bars)-1.128(dowels)=
18.122 > 16.47
alternate solutions (i) thicker footing(ii) Larger number of
smaller bars(iii) pedestal
Development length of main bars
for # 7 bars from table ld = 18
Solution
Problem
Design a rectangular footing for an 18 square column with
a dead load of 185 k and a live load of 150 k. Make the
length of the long side equal to twice the width of the short
side. fc=4000 psi , fy=40,000 psi, qa = 4000 lb/ft2. Assume
the base of the footing is 5ft below grade.
Solution
Assume 24 thick footing d = 19.5
24
36
qe 4000
150
100
2
12
3400 lb / ft 2
Solution
b=4
L=24.6
b=5
L=19.7
b=6
L=16.4
b=7
L=14.08
So Use 7 x 14 = 98 ft2
(1.4)(185 ) (1.7)(150 )
qu
5.25 k / ft 2
98
One-Way Shear
b = 7 = 84
12.5
6.25
2
19.5
6.25
4.625
12
14 1.5
Solution
One-Way Shear
d
Vu
169.97 x 1000
2 fc b 0.85 2 4000 84
18.82
so O.K.
b = 14 = 168
7 1.5
1.125
Vu = (1.125)(14)(5.25)
= 82.69 k
Vu
82.69 1000
d
5.5
19.5
2.75
2
12
Solution
Two-Way Shear
bo = (4)(18 + 19.5) = 150
37.5
Vu 14 7
12
463.23 k
5.25
18 19.5 37.5
Vu
463.23 1000
14.36 so O.K.
Steel in Long-Direction
6.25
Mu ( 6.25 )(7)(5.25 )
717.77 k.ft
2
Mu
717.77 12000
Re quired Rn
Solution
m
fy
0.85 fc
40,000
11 .765
0.85 4000
1
2mR n
1 1
m
fy
1
2 11 .765 299.63
1 1
11 .765
40,000
00.7854
A s bd 0.007854 84 19.5
12.87 in2
A s min . 0.002 84 22 3.696 in2
Use
13 #9 ( A s 13 in2 )
Dev. Length
Required for # 9 bars
ld = 25
Available = 6.25 x 12 = 75 3 = 72
O.K
Solution
Longitudinal Steel in Short Direction
2.75
Mu (2.75)(14)(5.25)
2
277.922 k.ft
Mu
277.922 12000
Re quired Rn
2
2
bd
0.9 14 12 19.2
58 psi
Now m 11 .765
1
2mR n
1
2 11 .765 58
1 1
1 1
m
fy
11 .765
40,000
0.00146
A s 0.00146bd 0.00146 14 12 19.5
4.79 in2
200
200
min
0.005
fy
40,000
Solution
Longitudinal Steel in Short Direction
A s min . 0.005 14 12 12 18.48 in2
Use 24 #8 bars ( A s 18.96 in2 )
Solution
Dev. Length
For # 8 bar
ld = 20
Available (2.75)(12)-3=30
O.K
Bearing Strength
Pn (0.85 fc )A g
0.7 0.85 4000 18
1000
771.12 k
Solution
O.K
Solution
Assume 3 6 thickness
h = 42
d=37.5
143.54 ft 2
5.225
Location of Resultant
1 .5
1 .5
(300 )
(
450
)
12
2
2
7.95
x
750
Location of Resultant
Va = 0
Vb = -(306)(1.5)+(1.5)(71.82) = -351.27 k
Vc = - 351.27 + (71.82)(10.25) = 384.885 k
Vd = 384.885 (345)(2)+(71.82)(2) = -161.475 k
Ve = -161.475 + (2.25)(71.82) = 0.12
Vbc = -(x)(306)(1.5) + (71.82)(x)
Vdc = -(x)(71.82) + (x-2.25)(345)
x = 2.84
Ma = 0
1 .5
1 .5
Mb (306 )(105 )
(1.5)(71.82)
263.45 k / ft
2
2
1 .5
6.39
MF (306 )(105 ) 6.39
(71.82)(6.39)
1122 .48 k / ft
2
Solution
4.25
Mc (71.82)( 4.25 )
(345 )(2)(1) 41.38 k / ft
2
2
2
.
84
(
2
.
84
2
.
25
)
MG (71.82)(2.84 )
229.59 k / ft
(345 )
2
2
2.25
MD (71.82)(2.25 )
181.79 k / ft
2
Shear
Solution
Punching Shear
For exterior column
37.5
37.5
bo 2 1.5
2 12
12
2(3.0625 ) 5.125
11 .25 ft
Vu = column load soil pressure within the perimeter
= 459-3.0625 x 2.125 x 7.98 = 333.75 k
Design shear strength
Vc (0.85 )( 4 fc )bo d
Solution
Longitudinal Steel
Re quired Rn
Mu
1122 .48 12000
98.544 psi
fy
60,000
m
1 1
m
fy
1
2 23.53 98.544
1
23.53
60,000
0.001675
200
200
min
0.0033
fy
60,000
Solution
Longitudinal Steel
So min holds
As = bd = 0.0033 x 9 x 12 x 37.5 = 13.365 in2
Use 17 # 8 bars
0.04 A b fy 1.3 0.04 0.79 60,000
l d 1 .3
fc
3000
45
ld = 34.62 in
Available 2.84 ft
For hooked bars
34.08 3
So O.K
31.08
1200 db 1200 1
Re quired d
21.9
fc
3000
Solution
Transverse Beams
Interior Column
d
Width of beam 24 2 24 37.5 61.5
2
690 x 1000
76666 .67 lb / ft
Upward load /ft
9
3 .5
Mu 76666 .67 3.5
2
5635000 lb.in
Solution
Transverse bars are placed on top of the longitudinal bars,
with actual d = 37.5 1 = 36.5
Minimum requirement of steel criteria holds
200
2
A
61
.
5
36
.
5
7
.
48
in
s
fy
Use 13 # 7 bars with As = 7.8 in2
Exterior Column
Width of beam= 18
37.5
36.75"
2
35
.
75
36
.
5
4
.
47
in
s
fy
Use 8 # 7 (As = 4.8 in2)
Solution
Development Length
ld = 26
(Table)
So O.K
Bearing Strength
Interior Columns
Pn = (0.85fc) A1 = (0.7)(0.85fc)(24 x 24)
= 1028160lb
1028.16 k
Solution
Bearing Strength
Edge column
Pu = (0.7)(0.85)(3000)(18 x 24) = 771120 lb = 771.12 k
Pu = 459 k < Pn So use nominal dowels
As = 0.005 x 18 x 24 = 2.16 in2
Use 4 # 7 (As = 2.41 in2) dev.length = 19
O.K