ECODISEO

Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano

Ana Maria Ocampo G., PhD, MSc

ECODISEO

ECODISEO

Metodologas para Calcular

Impacto Ambiental
Anlisis Ciclo Vida
Producto

Huella
Ecolgica

Material Flow Cost

Accounting
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ECODISEO

Anlisis del Ciclo de Vida

del Producto

ECODISEO

CICLO DE VIDA DEL

PRODUCTO

La Gestin del Ciclo de Vida (Life

Cycle Management) es un enfoque de
gestin,
que
permite
mejorar
los
productos, y por lo tanto el desempeo
sostenible de una organizacin asociado a
las cadenas de valor.

HISTORIA CICLO VIDA PRODUCTO

ECODISEO

1969:

Harry E. Teasley de Coca-Cola: Hacer un

estudio con base en el conocimiento de los efectos
ambientales de la fabricacin y uso de los envases:
Vidrio o plstico? Fabricar o contratar? Reciclaje
o relleno?
Resultados:
Los envases plsticos eran la mejor opcin.

Cambiar en el pblico e industria la percepcin negativa

que se tena por los plsticos, considerados los malos del
paseo.
A partir de este estudio, en USA se empez a llamar REPA
a la metodologa para cuantificar los recursos y las
descargas ambientales de los productos, al tiempo que se
buscaba perfeccionar cada vez esta metodologa.
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HISTORIA: CICLO VIDA PRODUCTO

1988:

ECODISEO

Volvi a renacer el inters por el LCA en USA,

con ocasin de la crisis
de los residuos
slidos.

Un montn de basura en un barco yaca flotando en el mar y

ningn puerto quera encargarse de su disposicin final. Esto
gener la preocupacin en USA por los residuos slidos, + la
presin de las empresas multinacionales en sus sedes de
Europa x por el Movimiento Verde.

1990:

Franklin Associates3 gener gran controversia

entre el pblico norteamericano porque ser # 1 en usar el
concepto de ciclo de vida para determinar los impactos
ambientales adversos y benficos de los productos.
Paales desechables: 90 veces + residuos slidos.
Paales reusables: 10 veces + contaminacin
agua, 3 veces + energa.
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HISTORIA: CICLO VIDA PRODUCTO

ECODISEO

1990: 1 taller de la Sociedad de Toxicologa Ambiental y

Qumica (Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, SETAC ). Adopcin en USA del trmino Life
Cycle Assessment, acogido posteriormente por la
comunidad internacional estudiosa de este tema.
1991: EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) empez a
promover el LCA.
1992: Por solicitud del Consejo de Gobiernos Estatales
(Council of State Governments) Y EPA, Tellus Institute
elabor el informe Tellus Packaging Study:
Inventory of Material and Energy Use and Air and
Water Emissions from the Production of Packaging
Materials (Ayres, 1995).

HISTORIA: CICLO VIDA PRODUCTO

ECODISEO

1993: EPA y el Programa de Compras Verdes

(Environmentally Preferible Purchasing Program)
publicaron una gua para la etapa del inventario, para promover
y ayudar al gobierno federal en la compra de bienes y servicios
ambientalmente responsables.

2000: EPA a travs de Oficina de Investigacin y Desarrollo y

del Instituto para la Investigacin Ambiental y la Educacin
(The Institute for Environmental Research & Education, IERE),
organiz la Conferencia Internacional sobre LCA.

2001: Naci el Centro Americano para la Evaluacin de Ciclo

de Vida (American Center for Life Cycle Assessment, ACLCA),
para fortalecer la capacidad en la diseminacin del
conocimiento sobre el LCA.

Herramientas
Existen diferentes estrategias usadas por las compaas para

ECODISEO

implementar la Gestin del Ciclo de Vida en sus operaciones:

Metodologas de ecodiseo
Compras verdes
Anlisis de Ciclo de Vida (Life Cycle Assessment. LCA)
Anlisis de Ciclo de Vida Social (Social LCA)
Costos del Ciclo de Vida (Life Cycle Costing. LCC)
Ecoetiquetas
Declaraciones Ambientales de Producto (Environmental
Product Declaration)
Evaluacin de Huella Ecolgica, de carbono e hdrica
Indicadores de Desempeo Ambiental (Environmental
Performance Indicators)
Evaluacin de Sostenibilidad Social
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ECODISEO

Herramienta 1

Anlisis de Ciclo de Vida es la recopilacin y

evaluacin de las entradas, las salidas y los
impactos ambientales potenciales de un sistema
del producto a travs de su ciclo de vida.
(NTC-ISO 14040)

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ECODISEO

ISO 14000 Environmental

Management

Aborda diversos aspectos de la gestin ambiental.

Proporciona herramientas prcticas para las empresas y
organizaciones que buscan identificar y controlar su
impacto ambiental y mejorar continuamente su
comportamiento ambiental.

ISO 14040:

Life Cycle Assessment

Describe los principios y el marco para la Evaluacin del

Ciclo de Vida (LCA): definicin del objetivo & alcance de
LCA, fase de anlisis del inventario del ciclo de vida (LCI).
Fase de evaluacin del impacto del ciclo de vida (LCIA),
fase de interpretacin del ciclo, informes y revisin crtica
del LCA, limitaciones del LCA, la relacin entre las fases
del LCA.
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ISO 14040
ECODISEO

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EJEMPLO
CANON
Desarrollo del producto utilizando 3D -CAD:

ECODISEO

Canon emplea computadoras para el proceso de

diseo. Operacin y calidad son examinados
mediante simulaciones, reduciendo el uso de
prototipos y la eliminacin de materiales
desechables.
Aprovisionamiento de Partes: Cuando se trata de
elegir proveedores, Canon evala calidad, precios y
conciencia ambiental.
Recoleccin y Reciclaje: Canon es pionero de la
recoleccin de cartuchos de toner usados en 1990. La
empresa promueve la campaa a nivel mundial
obteniendo grandes resultados

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EJEMPLO
ECODISEO

15

What exactly is LCA?

..whatever the product..everything has environmental impacts and
that understanding these impacts requires sound data and thorough
analysis.

The Product Life Cycle Stages?

The product life cycle can be divided into five major stages: raw
materials acquisition, manufacturing, distribution, use, and end of
life.

A key step in all LCAs is to compile an inventory of energy and

material inputs and environmental releases across all relevant life
cycle stages. This is generally done by modeling the product life
cycle as a series of unit processes.

The unit process inventory

Left: inputs of
materials and energy
required to generate a
useful product output

Right: the product output

itself, as well as outputs of
environmental emissions and
co-products that are
associated with the process

A key step in all LCAs is to compile an inventory of energy and

material inputs and environmental releases across all relevant life
cycle stages. This is generally done by modeling the product life
cycle as a series of unit processes.

Example: Manufacturing of plastic bag

Manufacturing stages involved in producing a plastic bag

The first step is to process natural gas into ethylene

As such from the beginning (as most of our daily-use items)
manufacturing of a plastic bag involves the petrochemical industry
and the extraction of non-renewable materials

Example: Manufacturing of plastic bag

Manufacturing stages involved in producing a plastic bag

The second step is to convert ethylene into HDPE pellets (small

balls), which is generally the form polymers of industrial used are
handled before being processed

Example: Manufacturing of plastic bag

The third step is to melt
the HDPE pellets,
extrude a film, and form
the bags in the bag
production process.

In order to construct a complete LCA model for the plastic bag, to

develop and apply unit process models to capture all unit processes
at each life cycle stage is required. By putting together (adding) all
the unit process inventories one can quantify the total
environmental footprint of a bag life cycle.

The Unit Process Inventory

Unit inventories are essentially made of flow information, in this context
Inputs and outputs are represented through flows or exchanges. In
LCA literature flows are commonly characterized as flows to or from
Nature, or to or from the

technosphere*

Technosphere: in
ecology, a collective
term for all those
aspects of the
physical
environment that
have been created
or altered by
humans.
(..) True
1. Inputs from nature: pretty obvious, its what in general
we call
technosphere
natural resources, they refer to flows such as crude oil extracted or
materials, like
corn harvested from a field
plastics,
are not
2. Outputs to nature: refer to pollutants and wastes that
are released
biodegradable
back into the environment
www.encyclo.co.uk
3. Inputs and Outputs From/to the technosphere: it refers
to any flow
of energy or mass that originates from a man-made process

per 2957 liters of Soft

Drink

Life-Cycle
Inventories

A glimpse at the
documentation and
supporting material behind
a Life-cycle inventory (LCI):
Franklin Associates (2009).
Life Cycle Inventory of
Three Single-Serving Soft
Drink Containers: Revised
Peer Reviewed Final
Report.
http://www.container-recycling.org/asset
1. Process energy includes all energy used to extract and process raw
s/pdfs/LCA-SodaContainers2009.pdf
materials, manufacture the containers, manage postconsumer
materials and disposal
2. Transportation energy is the energy required to transport materials
between each step in a life cycle..for example oil to refineries, resin
pellets to fabricators,
3. Energy of material resource (EMR) is an energy category that
represents the use of fossil carbon sources (i.e. petroleum, natural gas,
A partial
amount
(5.5%
!!) of the
EMR from instead
the PETof
bottle
system canas
or coal)
for the
production
of materials
for combustion
be recovered
fuels (onlyifthe plastic bottle in this example)
combustion with energy recovery is used for waste management

per 2957 liters of Soft

Drink

Life-Cycle
Inventories

A glimpse at the
documentation and
supporting material
behind a Life-cycle
inventory (LCI):
Franklin Associates
(2009). Life Cycle
Inventory of Three SingleServing Soft Drink
Containers: Revised Peer
Reviewed
Finalwastes
Report.are the solid wastes generated by the various
1. Process
processes throughout the life cycle of the container systems
2. Fuel-related wastes are the wastes from the production and
combustion of fuels used for energy and transportation
3. Postconsumer wastes are the wastes discarded by the final users of
the product
Commonly:
Waste
+ Fuel-related
= for
Industrial
Waste
Note thatProcess
in this case
Postconsumer
wasteWaste
accounts
a majority
of
total solid waste for glass and PET bottle systems, while the process
solid waste accounts for the largest portion of the aluminum can solid