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1_114Q07- 1 -
Station Bus
Protection
Protections
AGENDA
PRINCIPLES
LINES PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
AGENDA
PRINCIPLES
LINES PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
A bus is a critical element of a power system, as it is the point of
convergence of many circuits, transmission, generation, or loads.
The phasor summation of all the measured current entering and leaving the
bus must be 0 unless there is a fault within the protective zone.
For a fault not in the protective zone, the instantaneous direction of at least
one current is opposite to the others.
However, a current transformer saturation problem can result from the large
number of circuits involved and the different energization levels
encountered in these circuits for external faults.
Typically, the dc time constants for the different circuit elements can
vary from 0.01 sec for lines to 0.3 sec or more for generating plants.
Information required
Usually, the full-ct secondary winding tap should be used. This has two
advantages. It minimizes the burden effect of the cable and, second,
leads by minimizing the secondary current and makes use of the fullvoltage capability of the ct.
No bus relay is required for a ring bus because the bus section
between each pair of circuit breakers is protected as a part of the
connected circuit.
AGENDA
PRINCIPLES
LINES PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
Linear couplers are designed to fit into the same space as a conventional
current transformer.
Bushing or wound-type units are available for most of the voltage classes.
The single conductor through the center of the unit forms the primary of an
air-core reactor and provides a definite linear relationship between the
primary current and secondary voltage.
Since the linear couplers do not contain iron, there are no saturation
or transient problems.
The operating voltages are safe for personnel and well within the
insulation limits of all connected apparatus.
Manual test auxiliaries are used to check the scheme during installation
and at regular test intervals.
Since the circuit might also be open at some point, a second test, which
requires opening the trip circuit, is also applied. A low series voltage of 0.6 or
1.2 V is introduced into the differential source. Approximately half this test
voltage will appear across the voltmeter; the remainder will appear across the
rest of the loop. An open circuit will cause the voltmeter to register 0 voltage or
full test voltage, depending on whether the coupler or relay circuit is open.
AGENDA
PRINCIPLES
LINES PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
Two of the units are placed opposite each other and operate on a
common disc.
In turn, the two discs are connected to a common shaft with the
moving contacts.
All four of the units are unidirectional; that is, current flow in either
direction through the windings generates contact-opening torque
for the restraint units or contact-closing torque for the operating
unit.
If the currents in the two paired windings are equal and opposite,
the restraint is cancelled.
Figure on the left may be used if only three circuits are involved. The term
circuit refers to a source or feeder group.
When several circuits exist and the bus can be reduced to four circuits,
then the second scheme may be used.
For example, assume a bus consists of two sources and six feeders, and that
the feeders are lumped into two groups.
AGENDA
PRINCIPLES
LINES PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
It is most desirable for all ct's to have the same ratio on the tap used
so that auxiliary ct's are not required.
Relays must be set above the maximum false differential current for
an external fault.
That is, very little saturation can be allowed if any degree of internal fault
sensitivity is to be obtained.
(1) the operation of induction disc relays on the dc component is less efficient,
and
Although the relay cost is low, the engineering cost is usually high, since
considerable study or experience is required to assure correct operation.
AGENDA
PRINCIPLES
LINES PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
Although
the
high-impedance
differential
scheme
also
uses
conventional current transformers, it
avoids the problem of unequal current
transformer performance by loading
them with a high-impedance relay.
Actually,
the
high-impedance
differential concept comes from the
above
improved
overcurrent
differential approach. It uses a highimpedance voltage element instead of
a low impedance overcurrent element
plus an external resistor.
AGENDA
PRINCIPLES
LINES PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
They can accommodate a large range of line ct ratios, other relays may be
included with the same ct circuit, and the bus arrangement can easily be
changed or added to without concern.
The auxiliary ct permits the use of unmatched ct ratios to bring the overall
ratios into agreement and permit the possible use of other burdens in the
ct circuits.
Circuits L1, L2, ... Lx, are connected to auxiliary ct's TM1, TM2, ....
TMx, respectively, which balance the main ct ratios.
Current fed into the relay becomes IL1, IL2, ... ILX, combining for a
total input of IT at terminal K.
AGENDA
PRINCIPLES
LINES PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
Also, using a bus differential relay for bus protection and transformer
differential relay for transformer protection provides maximum
sensitivity and security with minimum application engineering.
AGENDA
PRINCIPLES
LINES PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
The double-bus single breaker with bus tie provides economic and
operating flexibility comparable to the double-bus double-breaker
arrangement.
However, the ct's are normally on the line-side location, which results
in increased differential relaying problems.
These schemes either require switching ct's and/or disabling the bus
protection before any switching operation.
This is a period when the probability of a bus fault occurring is high and it
is most desirable that the bus protection be in service.
Two bus differential zones are provided, one for each bus, with each
one overlapping the bus breaker.
However, this scheme still has two drawbacks when any one or all of
the primary circuits is switched to the opposite bus:
(2) it will reduce its sensitivity since the two relays are paralleled.
AGENDA
PRINCIPLES
LINES PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
The ct's protecting the feeders or circuits are not in the differential.
The sensitivity and speed of this scheme are not as good as with
complete differential protection.
The use of a distance relay for this scheme produces both faster and
more sensitive operation than the over current scheme.
Occasionally, it is desirable to
add bus protection to an older
substation where additional ct's
and control cable are too costly
to install.
This
scheme
requires
special
construction
measures
and
is
expensive.