COMPUTING

FUNDAMENTALS
Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
Department of Nuclear Engineering,
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
P.O. Nilore, Islamabad.

Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

COURSE CONTENTS
Basic components of a computer
Programming languages
Programming in C and its
Applications

Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Lab Instructors
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Dr. Naeem Akhtar, SE

Dr. Ghulam Raza, SE
Mr. Mazhar Husnain, SE
Mr. Kashif Yaqoob, PhD Scholar
Mr. Bannat Gul, PhD Scholar
Mr. Taskeen Raza, PhD Scholar
Ms. Quratul Ain, PhD Scholar

Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Computer
Computer is an advanced electronic
device that takes raw data as input
from the user and processes these
data under the control of set of
instructions (called program) and
gives the result (output) and saves
output for the future use.
It can process both numerical and
non-numerical
(arithmetic
and
logical) calculations.
Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Functions of a Computer
and Computer System
A Computer has four functions
accepts data (Input)
processes data (Processing)
produces output
(Output)
stores results (Storage)
Computer System: All of the components of a computer
system can be summarized with the simple equation
COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE+ USER
Hardware : All physical parts of the computer
Software : Programs (Software gives "intelligence" to the computer)
USER : Person, who operates computer

Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

INPUT
Keyboa
rd
Mouse
Scanne
r
Camer
a

Components of a
Computer
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
(ALU)
Control Unit
Internal
Memory Unit

OUTPU
T
Screen
Printer
Plotter
Photo

Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Components of a
Computer
The major components of the computer are the central
processing unit (CPU), main memory, secondary
memory, and input and output devices.
The CPU is the heart of any computer. It is divided into a
control unit, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and internal
memory.
The control unit of the CPU interprets the instructions of the
computer program and it controls all the other parts of the
computer. It also fetches data values from input devices or main
memory and stores them in the memory registers and sends data
values from memory registers to output device or main memory.
The ALU performs the actual mathematical calculations.
The internal memory within a CPU consists of a series of memory
registers used for the temporary storage of intermediate result
during calculations.
Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Computer Program
A computer program is a sequence of
instructions that are executed by a
CPU.
Program flow may be influenced by
special 'jump' instructions that transfer
execution to an instruction other than
the following one.

Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Structure of a C
Program

Most
C
Programs
contain the following
basic elements
Preprocessor statements
Global Declaration
Function Prototypes
Functions
Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Structure of a C
Program

Preprocessor statements

main()
{

}
function1()
{

}
function2()
{

Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Structure of a C
Program
Preprocessor statements represent instructions to the
C preprocessor. All preprocessor statements begin with
the # symbol.
Global declaration statements define Global variables
which are accessible to all parts of a C program.
Function
declaration
(also
called
function
prototypes) are statements that provide the compiler
information regarding the type of the value returned by a
function and also type and number of function arguments.
Functions are groups of statements that the computer
can execute. C functions are similar to subroutines in
other programming languages.

Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Creating a C Program
There are several steps that have to be
performed to create a C program
1.
2.

3.
4.

Use a text editor to write your program

(source code) in C
Compile your program using a C compiler.
Correct any errors pointed out by the
compiler. Steps 1 and 2 are repeated until
there are no errors in the program.
Link your program with library functions
using an linker.
Execute and test your program.
Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Creating the Source

Code
The first step in creating a C program is to type the C language
statements into a file.
A text editor is required to accomplish this task.
There are number of editors that can be used for this purpose.
All the integrated C programming environments also contain a
text editor.
An integrated environment is a menu driven system for
developing C programs that includes and editor, compiler,
linker, and debugger.
By convention, C program files have names ending in .c. for
example, cylinder.c , binomial.c , roots.c
One should give meaningful names to the programs so that is
reminds what the program does.
The second part of the file name (.c) identifies it as a C program
Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

A SIMPLE C PROGRAM
/**************************************************/
/*
hello_world.c
*/
/*
Program prints Hello World!
*/
/**************************************************/
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
printf(Hello World!\n);
return 0;
}

Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Basic Programming
Concepts
Comment To explain what the program is for and why
it is the way it is.
Preprocessing Done before the program is compiled.
To include header files containing information about
C libraries
Statement A line of code that tells computer to
perform some action.
Always ended with a
semicolon(;).
Invoking functions
Function A module often consisting of a set of
statements.
Two functions in the hello world program: main,
printf
Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Escape Sequences
Escape Sequences are used to control printf
to do something other than printing
characters.
\n: Newline. Position cursor at the beginning of
the next line.
\t: Tab. Move cursor to the next tab stop.
\a: Alert. Sound the system bell.

Exercise
Modify the hello world program to try out
various escape sequences.
Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Arithmetic Operators
To form expressions
Many statements are
merely expressions.

Normal order of
operations is followed.
Parentheses can be used.

+
*
/
%
++
--

Addition
Subtraction
Multiplicatio
n
Division
Modulus
(remainder)
Increment
Decrement

Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Arithmetic Operators: An
Example
1. /* Arithmetic operators */
2. #include <stdio.h>
3.
4. int main()
5. {
6.
printf("7+3=%d\n",7+3);
7.
printf("7-3=%d\n",7-3);
8.
printf("7*3=%d\n",7*3);
9.
printf("7/3=%d\n",7/3);
10.
printf("7.0/3.0=
%f\n",7.0/3.0);
11.
return 0;
12.}
Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Output of the Program

Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

A SIMPLE C PROGRAM
/***********************************************************/
/*
cylinder.c
*/
/*
Computes the volume and surface area of a cylinder
/***********************************************************/
#include<stdio.h>
#define PI 3.141592564

*/

void main(void);
void main(void)
{
float radius,height,volume,surface_area;
/* print heading */
printf("\n Cylinder.c");
printf("\n Computes the volume and surface area of a cylinder.");
/* read in radius and height */
printf("\n\n Enter radius of cylinder: ");
scanf("%f", &radius);
printf("\n\n Enter height of cylinder: ");
scanf("%f", &height);
/* Compute volume and surface area */
volume = PI * radius * radius * height;
surface_area = 2 * PI * radius * (radius + height);
/* print results */
printf("\n Volume of cylinder is:
%10.4f", volume);
printf("\n Surface area of cylinder is:%10.4f", surface_area);
}

Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Output of the Program

Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Output of the Program

Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Output of the Program

Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Output of the Program

Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS

Output of the Program

Dr. Aman-ur-Rehman
DNE, PIEAS