Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
CE-313

Flexural Analysis
and Design of
Beams
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Cracked Transformed Section
When tensile stress cross fr, crack appear on the
tension face of beam.
 Tensile strength of concrete is neglected.
 All the concrete on the tension side of N.A. is neglected.
Concret
e
N.A

Steel
Only the Shaded area of cross-section is considered effective.
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Cracked Transformed Section (contd…)

b ε fc
kd c
Cc
N.A.
h d
nAs la = jd
fs T = Asfs
Cracked ε Internal Force
Transformed Stress Diagram
Section Strain s Diagram
Diagram

When the tension side is cracked the concrete becomes

ineffective but the strains goes on increasing. The steel
comes in to action to take the tension.
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Cracked Transformed Section (contd…)
Calculations for“k”, taking top face as reference b
kd
kd = [b x kd x kd/2 + nAsd]/ [b x kd + nAs] d
nAs
b x (kd)2 + nAs kd = b x (kd)2/2 + nAsd Cracked
Transformed
Section
b x (kd)2/2 = nAsd - nAs kd

b x (kd)2/2 = (1-k) nAsd

ρ = As / bd
bd2 k2 /2 = (1-k) nρbd2
k2 = 2(1-k) nρ

k2 + 2nρ k - 2nρ = 0
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Cracked Transformed Section
(contd…) b
kd
k2 + 2nρ k - 2nρ = 0 d
nAs
Cracked
k = [ -2nρ ± √ (4n ρ + 8nρ) ] /2
2 2 Transformed
Section

k = [ -nρ ± √ (n2ρ2 + 2nρ) ]

k = √ (n2ρ2 + 2nρ) -nρ

Taking only positive value as distance can’t be negative
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Cracked Transformed
Section (contd…) fc

Value of “j” b
jd = d – kd/3 Cc

J = 1 – k/3 kd
d
Cc = volume of stress diagram N.A jd
Cc = ½ kd x fc x b

Cc = fc/2 x kdb T=
As f s
T = Asfs = nfcAs
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Cracked Transformed Section (contd…)
Resisting Moment Capacity
For longitudinal equilibrium
T = Cc
Mr = T x jd = Cc x jd
Mr = Asfs x jd = fc/2 x kdb x jd
------------- 1
FOR MAXIMUM VALUE RESISTING MOMENT
Put in eq-1
fs = 0.5 fy for grade 300 steel
fs = 0.4 fy for grade 420 steel
fs = Maximum allowable tensile stress in steel
fc= 0.45 fc’
fc = Maximum allowable concrete stress
Concluded