Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
CE-313

Flexural Analysis and

Design of Beams
(Ultimate Strength Design of
Beams)
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Ultimate Strength Design of Beams
(Strength Design of Beams)
Strength design method is based on the philosophy of dividing
F.O.S. in such a way that Bigger part is applied on loads and
smaller part is applied on material strength.

favg = Area under curve/0.003 fc’ Crushing

Stress Strength

If fc’ ≤ 30 MPa

favg = 0.72 fc’ favg 0.85fc’

β1 = Average Strength/Crushing
Strength

0.003
β1 = 0.72fc’ / 0.85 fc’ = 0.85 Strain
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Ultimate Strength Design of Beams (contd…)

b εcu = 0.85 0.85

c 0.003 fc a fc a/2 Cc
h d N.A.
la = d – a/2
fs fs T = Asfs
ε Internal Force
Equivalent
Strain s Actual Diagram
Stress
Diagram Stress Diagram/
Diagram Whitney’s
Stress
In ultimate strength design method the section is always
Diagram

taken as cracked.
c = Depth of N.A from the extreme compression face at
ultimate stage
a = Depth of equivalent rectangular stress diagram.
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Ultimate Strength Design of Beams (contd…)

• The resultant of concrete 0.85fc 0.85fc a/2

compressive force Cc, acts at the
centriod of parabolic stress Cc a Cc
diagram. c
• Equivalent stress diagram is
made in such a way that it has
the same area as that of actual
stress diagram. Thus the Cc, will
remain unchanged.
f av × b × c = 0.85f c '×b × a
0.72f c '×c = 0.85f c '×a Actual
Stress
Equivalent Stress
Diagram/
Diagram Whitney’s Stress
0.72f c ' Diagram
a= ×c
0.85f c '
a =β1 ×c
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Ultimate Strength Design of Beams (contd…)
Factor β1
β1 = 0.85 for fc’ ≤ 30 MPa

Value of β1 decreases by 0.05 for every 7 MPa

increase in strength with a minimum of 0.65

β1 = 1.064 − 0.00714f c ' ≥ 0.65

≤ 0.85
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Determination of N.A. Location at Ultimate
Condition
CASE-I: Tension Steel is Yielding at Ultimate Condition
εs ≥ ε y or fs ≥ f y fy

ε y εs

CASE-II: Tension Steel is Not Yielding at Ultimate

εs < ε y
Condition
or fs < f y
For 300 grade For 420 grade
steel steel
fy 300 fy 420
εy = = = 0.0015 εy = = = 0.0021
E 200,000 E 200,000
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
CASE-I: Tension Steel is Yielding at Ultimate
Condition
T = As × fs = As × f y a/2 Cc
la
C c = 0.85f c '×b × a T = Asfs
a Internal Force
la = d − Diagram
2
For longitudinal Equilibrium

T = Cc
As × f y = 0.85 f c '×b × a
As × f y a
a= and c=
0.85 f c '×b β1
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
CASE-I: Tension Steel is Yielding at Ultimate
Condition (contd…)
Nominal Moment Capacity, Mn depending on steel = T x
la  a
M n = As × f y ×  d − 
 2
Design Moment Capacity
 a
φb M n = φb As × f y ×  d − 
 2

Nominal Moment Capacity, Mn depending on concrete = Cc

x la  a
M n = 0.85fc'×b × a ×  d − 
 2

 a
Design Moment φb M n = φb 0.85fc'×b × a ×  d − 
Capacity  2
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Minimum Depth for Deflection Control
1
Δα
I
1
Δα
(Depth) 3
For UDL
4
Δ α ωL
Δ α ( ωL ) L3

Deflection Depends upon Span, end conditions, Loads and fy

of steel. For high strength steel deflection is more and more
depth is required.
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Minimum Depth for Deflection Control (Contd…)
ACI 318, Table 9.5(a)

Steel Simply One End Both End Cantilever

Grade Supported Continuous Continuous

300 L/20 L/23 L/26 L/10

420 L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
520 L/14 L/16 L/18 L/7
Concluded