Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
Sixth Term CE-313
Civil Engineering

Flexural Analysis and

Design of Beams
(Ultimate Strength Design of
Beams)
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Doubly Reinforced Beams
“Beams having both tension and compression
reinforcement to allow the depth of beam to be lesser
than minimum depth for singly reinforced beam”
 By using lesser depth the lever arm reduces and to develop
the same force more area of steel is required, so solution is
costly.
 Ductility will be increased by providing compression steel.
 Hanger bars can also be used as compression steel
reducing the cost up to certain cost.
 For high rise buildings the extra cost of the shallow deep
beams is offset by saving due to less story height.
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Doubly Reinforced Beams (contd…)

 Compression steel may reduce creep and

shrinkage of concrete and thus reducing long
term deflection
 Use of doubly reinforced section has been
reduced due to the Ultimate Strength Design
Method, which fully utilizes concrete
compressive strength

Doubly Reinforced Beam

Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Behavior Doubly Reinforced Beams
Tension steel always yields in D.R.B.
There are two possible cases:

1. Case-I Compression steel is yielding

at ultimate condition.

2. Case-II Compression steel is NOT

yielding at ultimate condition.
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Behavior Doubly Reinforced Beams
d εcu =
b 0.85
0.003 fc Cs
c εs a fs’ Cc
’
N.A.
h d (d-d’) d – a/2
fs T = Asfs
ε
Strain s Whitney’s Internal Force
Diagram Stress Diagram
Diagram

fs= Esεs T=
A fs ’f
Css=A
fs’=Esεs’ s s
’C =0.85f ’ba
c c
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Behavior Doubly Reinforced Beams (contd…)
Case-I Both Tension & Compression steel are yielding
at ultimate condition

fs = fy and fs’=fy
Location of N.A.
Consider equilibrium of forces in longitudinal direction

T = Cc + Cs
A s f y = 0.85f c ' ba + A s ' f y
( A s − A s ') f y a
a= and c=
0.85f c ' b β1
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Case-I Both Tension & Compression steel are yielding at ultimate
condition (contd…)
εcu =
Δ ABC & ADE 0.003
εs ' c − d' d’ D E
= B
0.003 c c
C
εs’
A
 c − d' 
ε s ' = 0.003 
 c 
 c − d'  β1
ε s ' = 0.003 × εs
Strain
 c  β1 Diagram
 a − β1d' 
ε s ' = 0.003  (1)
 a 
If εs’ ≥ εy compression steel is yielding.
If εs’ < εy compression steel is NOT yielding.
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Case-I Both Tension & Compression steel are yielding at
ultimate condition (contd…)

T = total tensile force in the

steel
T = T1 + T2
Cs
T1 is balanced by Cs Cc N.A.
(d-d’) d – a/2
T2 is balanced by Cc T = Asfy

T1 = Cs Internal Force
Diagram

T2 = Cc
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Case-I Both Tension & Compression steel are yielding at ultimate condition (contd…)

Moment Capacity by Compression

Steel
M n 1 = C s ( d − d ') = A s ' f y ' ( d − d ') Cs
Cc N.A.
= T1 ( d − d') (d-d’)
T = Asfy
d – a/2

Moment Capacity by Concrete Internal Force

Diagram
 a  a
M n 2 = C c  d −  = T2  d − 
 2  2
 a
M n 2 = ( T − T1 ) d − 
 2
M n 2 = ( A s f y − A s ' f y ') d − 
 a
 2
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Case-I Both Tension & Compression steel are yielding at ultimate condition (contd…)

Total Moment
Capacity
M n = M n1 + M n 2

M n = A s ' f y ' ( d − d ') + ( A s f y − A s ' f y ' )  d − 

 a
 2
Plain & Reinforced
Concrete-1
Case-II Compression steel is not yielding at ultimate
condition

fs = fy and fs’< fy

fs ' = E × εs '
a − β1d'
f s ' = 600
a
Asf y − As ' fs ' a
Location of N.A. a= and c=
0.85f c ' b β1
Concluded