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BIOANALISIS
A bioanalytical method consists of two main
components:
1. Sample preparation extraction of the drug
from the biological fluid usually including a
concentration step to enhance sensitivity of
the method
2. Detection of the compound ususally
following chromatographic separation from
other components present in the biological
extract. The detector of choice is a mass
spectrometer.
mempunyai 5 langkah :
1. sampling (pengambilan sampel),
2. preservasi sampel (penyimpanan sampel),
3. preparasi sampel (penyiapan sampel),
4. analisis (pengukuran),
5. interpretasi data (analisis data), dan
6. pembuatan laporan analisis.
SAMPEL BIOLOGIS
DARAH
Whole Blood
Plasma
Serum
FESES
JARINGAN
LIVER
URINE
PANKREAS
SALIVA
BRAIN
SPUTUM
SPERMA
CAIRAN
SEREBROSPINAL
RAMBUT
PLACENTA
METHOD VALIDATION
Any method is valid as long as it is validated
Procedures that demonstrate that a method is
reliable and reproducible for the intended use.
Types:
Full validation: first time, new drug, or addition of
metabolites
Partial validation: modifications of a validated method
Cross-validation: comparison between methods
PRE-STUDY VALIDATION
Fundamental parameters for validation
Method used for the determination of drugs
and/or metabolites should be:
Sensitive
Selective
Accurate
Precise
Stable
Reference standard
Analysis of drugs and their metabolites in a
Reference standard
The source and lot number, expiration date,
Reference standard
Three types of reference standards are usually
used:
(1) certified reference standards (e.g., USP
compendial standards);
(2) commercially supplied reference standards
obtained from a reputable commercial source;
(3) other materials of documented purity
custom-synthesized by an analytical laboratory
or other noncommercial establishment
Preparasi Sampel
proses yang harus dilakukan untuk
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Deproteinisasi
Metode yang paling umum digunakan :
Protein
muatan positif
muatan negatif
Pengaturan pH
Sampel (protein)
Sampel (protein)
pH larutan <
pH larutan >
titik isoelektrik
titik isoelektrik
bereaksi dng
anion ttt.
membentuk garam
tak larut
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Precipitating Agents
Anionik
pikrat
molibdat
tungstat
sulfosalisila
t
metafosfat
perklorat
trikloroaset
at
Kationik
Ion-ion logam berat
spt. :
- seng
(Zn)
- merkuri (Hg)
- Kadmiu (Cd)
m
(U)
- uranium (Fe)
- besi
(Cu)
- tembag (Pb)
a
timbal
SENTRIFUGASI
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Salting out
( suhu rendah )
( protein pada
titik isoelektrik )
+
Asetonitril
Aseton
Metanol
Etanol
Garam
( Na sulfat, Na
sulfit )
Protein
mengendap
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SENTRIFUGASI
Untuk menghasilkan supernatan yang jernih
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tujuannya
Concentrate analyte(s) to improve limits of detection and/or
quantitation
Exchange analyte from a non-compatible environment into one that
is compatible with chromatography and mass spectrometric and/or
other instrumental analytical techniques
Remove unwanted matrix components that may interfere with the
analysis of the desired compound
Perform selective separation of individual components from complex
mixtures, if desired
Detect toxins in human system or in environment (air, drinking
water, soil)
Identify stereochemical effects in drug activity and/or potency
Follow drug binding to proteins
Determine stability and/or absorption of drugs and follow their
metabolism in human body
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Tipe fase
Struktur
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Instrumen Bioanalisis
Khromatografi
HPLC
Merupakan teknik pemisahan senyawa dengan
39
HPLC
Senyawa
40
HPLC
Metode hplc dipilih bila akan menganalisis
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Normal-Phase HPLC
[ Fase diam lebih polar dibanding fase gerak ]
Senyawa polar:
- terelusi belakangan (tR panjang)
semakin non-polar fase gerak, tR senyawa
polar makin panjang
Solven:
- campuran metilen klorid, dietileter,
kloroform
Eluent strength:
DKS-09
- dimodifikasi dengan n-heksan
42
Reversed-Phase HPLC
HPLC
Reversed-Phase
[[ Fase
Fase diam
diam lebih
lebih nonpolar
nonpolar dibanding
dibanding fase
fase gerak
gerak ]]
Senyawa polar:
tetrahidrofuran
Eluent strength:
DKS-09
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HPLC
DKS-09
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Tujuan Derivatisasi
Derivatisasi
berkromofor
fluorescensi)
daya
UV
deteksinya (senyawa
senyawa berkromofor
DKS-09
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Gas Chromatography
metode pemisahan yang mendasarkan partisi cuplikan
DERIVATISASI
DKS-09
4
8
DERIVATISASI
DKS-09
4
9
TEKNIK-TEKNIK SPEKTROSKOPI
Jenis
Dasar
Penggunaan Utama
Spektrofotometri UVVis
Perpindahan energi
dari elektron luar yg
terikat maupun tidak
dlm molekul
Analisa biokimiawi
kualitatif & kuantitatif
secara rutin lewat uji
kolorimetri, uji enzim
dari kinetika reaksi
Spektrofluorometri
Analisis kuntitatif
rutin, analisa enzim
dan kinetika dan
perubahan
konformasi protein.
Lebih peka dr
Spek.UV-Vis
Spektrofotometri
infra-merah (IR)
Analisa kualitatif
pengenalan molekul
murni dengan ukuran
sedang. Dipakai dlm
penelitian.
TEKNIK-TEKNIK SPEKTROSKOPI
Jenis
Dasar
Penggunaan Utama
Spektrofotometri
Nyala (pancaran &
serapan, AAS)
Spektrometri magnet
inti
Penentuan tenaga
magnetis yang
berhubungan dengan
proton ganjil pada inti
atom
Penelitian struktur
molekul organik
dengan berat molekul
kurang dari 20.000
dalton
Spektrometri massa
(MS)
Penentuan jumlah
molekul dan
pecahannya yang
terionisasi bermuatan
positif
Analisa kualitatif
denagn bahan sedikit
(10-4 10-6 g), dapat
dihubungkan dengan
GC.
ELISA
(Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay)
antigens are immobilized on a solid support, either coated
directly or through specific capture antibodies. Primary
detection antibodies are then applied, forming a complex
with the antigen. If conjugated with an enzyme, the
detection antibody can directly be used to quantify the
antigen, or can itself be quantified by another enzymeconjugated secondary antibody
Blotting
Terminologies..
A Southern blot is a method routinely used in
..Western Blot
et
Bon COURAGE