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SYSTEMS
Lecture # 14
Prepared by Engr. Muhammad Shahzad Haroon
Lecturer at SZABIST
Normalization
Benefits of Normalization
Functional Dependency
Functional Dependency
Definition: If A and B are attributes of a relation
R, then B is functionally dependent on A if
each value of A in R is associated with exactly
one value of B; written as A
B
Functionally Dependency
Functional Dependency
Like R (a, b, c, d, e)
a
b, c, d
d, e
FD Example
STD(stId, stName, stAdr, prName,
credits)
stId
stName, stAdr, prName, credits
prName
credits
stName
stAdr
prName prCrdts
S1020
Sohail Dar
I-8 Islamabad
MCS
64
S1038
Shoaib Ali
G-6 Islamabad
BCS
132
S1015
Tahira Ejaz
L Rukh Wah
MCS
64
S1015
Tahira Ejaz
L Rukh Wah
MCS
132
S1018
Arif Zia
134
Inference Rules
Reflexivity
Augmentation
Transitivity
Additivity or Union
Projectivity or Decomposition
Pseudotransitivity
NORMAL FORMS
Normalization
stId
stName
stAdr
prName
bkId
S1020
Sohail Dar
I-8 Islamabad
MCS
B00129
S1038
Shoaib Ali
G-6 Islamabad
BCS
B00327
S1015
Tahira Ejaz
L Rukh Wah
MCS
B08945,
B06352
S1018
Arif Zia
B08474
stName
stAdr
prName
bkId
S1020
Sohail Dar
I-8 Islamabad
MCS
B00129
S1038
Shoaib Ali
G-6 Islamabad
BCS
B00327
S1015
Tahira Ejaz
L Rukh Wah
MCS
B08945
S1015
Tahira Ejaz
L Rukh Wah
MCS
B06352
S1018
Arif Zia
B08474