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PLANNING
PLANNING
a. Strategic planning
b .Tactical planning
c .Operational planning
e. Re-evaluating goals
c. Changes in environment
a. Organization structure
b Technology
d. People
b. Participation
d. Negotiation
e. Coercion
implementation process
b. Corporate planning.
Planning-is
a
process
of
determining how
the mgmt system
can
move
the
orgniztion towards
achieving its goals.
Certo(1997)
Planning is a
process of forming
goals and taking
suitable action to
achieve the goals.
Freeman and
Gilbert (1995)
Planning is an analytical
process that involves the
evaluation
of
future
situations.
Planning
involves the development
and the selection of the
best
alternatives
to
achieve a goal.
Michael Scott
(c)Drive organizational planning and decision makingevery employee in the orgn has short term and long term
goals according to their position and job designation in the
orgn. Therefore, setting of goals can help decisions to be
made accurately in the attempt to achieve orgn. goals.
(d) Evaluate the orgn. achievement
Goals evaluated in a specific time frame can be used as
performance standards to assist employees and managers
evaluate their work performance.
Mission
strategic planning
Goals
overall objectives
area objective
tactical planning
Division objective
Department objective
Individual objective
operational planning
a market potential
(ii)Allocate
(iii)Utilize
resources productively
Ex.
The procedures to perform strategic planning in the organization
are as follows:
(a)Form the company mission
(b)Establish a strategic planning unit
(c)Determine the goals of the project
(d)Analyse the env. to detect threats and barriers that can affect the
orgn plan.
planning
(i)
Programme
project
budget
(ii)
Policies
procedures
rule
period
(ii)Scope
(iii)Level
Discuss in group
of goals
(iv)
1.Setting
(a)
(c)Changes in environment
Changes in eco, social, culture, customers, supplies and technology
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Economy
Social and culture
Customers
Suppliers
Technology
(I)
(II)
(III)
(IV)
(V)
(a)
Drucker (1954)-is a
set of formal procedures used to develop and evaluate the
achievement of common objectives by managers and their
subordinates.The area of responsibility for each employee is stated
clearly in the workplace. The organizations objectives are also clear.
Helps managers determine the goals and targets involving managers
and employees at all organizational level.
(b)
Managers must hold discussions with their subordinates and study their
dev towards achieving organizational objectives
Top line managers will set common goals while lower level management
will set specific goals
Departmental goals
Individual goals
evaluate
review
work progress
(b)Corporate planning
Jun 2013
1. Managers usually face various barriers in their
attempt to prepare an effective plan.
(a)List FIVE (5) reasons which cause managers tend
to face self conflict when they are establishing
new goals.(5m)
(b)Explain THREE(3) barriers in implementing a plan
which caused by changes in the environment by
giving suitable example (12m)
(c)Identify FOUR(4) characteristics of tactical
planning.(8m)