Concept

REPRODUCTION

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Goals for This Concept

Presentation
1. Define and describe the concept.
2. Notice risk factors that place individuals at
risk for reproduction problems.
3. Recognize when an individual has problems
with reproduction.
4. Provide appropriate nursing and collaborative
interventions to optimize reproduction.

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

DEFINE AND DESCRIBE THE

CONCEPT OF REPRODUCTION

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Definitions
Reproduction refers to the total process by
which organisms produce offspring; the focus of
this concept is on human reproduction

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Key Terms

Conception
Contraception
Sexual intercourse
Fertilization
Germ cells
Gestation

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Scope of Reproduction Concept

Normal or expected
reproductive health

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Problems
associated with
reproduction

Categories of Reproduction
Problems

Normal or expected reproductive health

Contraception
Conception and pregnancy

Problems with reproduction

Infertility
Maintaining a pregnancy

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Review of Reproductive System

Anatomy and Physiology
Female

Male
Penis
Prostate gland
Seminal vesicles
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Testes
Sperm

Vagina
Uterus
Uterine tubes
Ovaries
Ovum

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Physiologic Processes

Gametogenesis
Ovulation
Fertilization
Cleavage
Implantation
Embryo and fetus

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Process of Implantation

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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Consequences
Collaborative Learning #1
In your learning group, discuss the following
categories of reproductive consequences and
list examples of each.
Consequence
Category

Description with Examples

Infertility
Maternal morbidity
Maternal mortality
Fetal morbidity
Fetal mortality
Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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NOTICE RISK FACTORS THAT

PLACE INDIVIDUALS AT RISK FOR
REPRODUCTION PROBLEMS

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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Populations at Risk
Populations at greatest risk for problems with
reproduction are

Impoverished populations
Adolescents

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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Individual Risk Factors

Collaborative Learning #2
In your learning group, list as many examples of
individual risk factors for reproduction as you
can think of and place each in the appropriate
category.
Risk Factor Category

Specific Risk Factors

Biophysical factors
Psychosocial factors
Sociodemographic factors
Environmental factors
Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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RECOGNIZE WHEN AN
INDIVIDUAL HAS PROBLEMS
WITH REPRODUCTION

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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Reproductive Health History

Present and past health history

Family history
Menstrual history
Age at menarche and menopause
Problems with menstruation
Pregnancy history (GTPAL)
Gravida, term births, preterm births, abortions, living children
Sexual history
Includes problems with erection, libido
History of sexually transmitted diseases
Papanicolaou test results, neoplasms
Problems with uterine support

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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Recognizing Reproduction Problems

Collaborative Learning #3
In your learning group, identify the history and clinical
examination findings that would be indicative of a
reproduction problem. Discuss the rationale from a
physiologic perspective.
Clinical Findings

Rationale

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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Common Diagnostic Tests

Laboratory testing

Imaging

Pregnancy testing (urine, serum)

Complete blood count, blood type, Rh factor,
rubella titer
Maternal assay
Screening for sexually transmitted diseases
Ultrasound

Amniocentesis
Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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PROVIDE APPROPRIATE
NURSING AND COLLABORATIVE
INTERVENTIONS TO OPTIMIZE
REPRODUCTION

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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Clinical Management: Primary

Prevention

Health education

Safe sex
Contraception
Avoidance of smoking, alcohol, drug use
Nutrition
Exercise

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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Clinical Management: Screening

Prenatal care monitors the progress of the

pregnancy and allows early detection of
problems

Weight gain
Blood pressure
Fundal height
Edema
Fetal heart sounds
Laboratory screening (e.g., urine for protein, Rh
factor, rubella titer, blood glucose)
Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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Collaborative Interventions

High-risk pregnancy management

Biophysical factors
Psychosocial factors
Environmental factors

Ongoing assessment of maternal and fetal

well-being

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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Collaborative Interventions (contd)

Assisted reproductive technologies

Focus is on the treatment of infertility

Multiple reproductive technologies include
In vitro fertilization embryo transfer
Gamete intrafallopian transfer
Zygote intrafallopian transfer
Therapeutic donor insemination
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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Collaborative Interventions (contd)

Abortion

Termination of pregnancy before the 20th week

Indications
Womans request
Genetic disorder of fetus
Rape and incest
Preserving the health of the woman

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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Interrelated Concepts

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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Link to Exemplars
Collaborative Learning #4
In your learning group, select three exemplars
of reproduction and show how each is linked to
the population in which it primarily occurs.
Exemplar

Population Primarily Affected

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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