BAMBOO

REINFORCED
It is irrigated
are
The
area
estimated
irrigated
with
that with
about
raw waste
or20partially
million
water
of theCONCRETE
total world irrigated area
ha in 50
treated
varies
around
wastewater.
countries
10 %
Guided by
PIJUS KANTI
MANDAL
Lecturer

Presented by
PEKASO
SADHUKHAN
ROLL NO. 17776

What is Wastewater (WW)

Wastewater (WW) is a combination of the
liquid, or water carried wastes , removed
from domestic , institutions, commercial
and industrial establishments together with
surface/ ground/storm water.

It is estimated that about 20 million ha in 50

countries are irrigated with raw or partially
treated wastewater. The area irrigated with
waste water varies around 10 % of the total

Waste Water Categories

Water treated after domestic &
public
uses
Industrial Waste Water
Saline agricultural drainage water
Brackish ground water
Sea water in coastal regions

Components of Wastewater

Suspended solids

Soluble/ biodegradable organic matters

Inorganic soluble salts Ca, Mg, Na, K, B, CL,

carbonates and sulphides

Plant micro-nutrients N, P, K

Faecal pathogenic micro-organisms

Trace elements:
Heavy metals: As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Zn
Inorganic elements: Al, Be, Co, F, Fe, Li, Mn,
Mo,Se, Sn, Ti, W and V
4

VARIOUS SPECIES OF BAMBOO

PREPARATION
Sizing
Splitting
Seasoning
Bending
Waterproof

Coating
6

CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES
Concrete Mix Proportions
The same mix designs can be used as
would normally be used with steel
reinforced concrete. Concrete slump
should be as low as workability will allow.
Excess water causes swelling of the
bamboo. High early-strength cement is
preferred to minimize cracks caused by
swelling of bamboo when seasoned
bamboo cannot be waterproofed.
7

Placement of bamboo

Bamboo reinforcement should not be

placed less than 1 inches from the face
of the concrete surface.
The clear spacing between bamboo rods or
splints should not be less than the
maximum size aggregate plus inch.
Reinforcement should be evenly spaced
and lashed together on short sticks placed
at right angles to the main reinforcement.
The ties can be maid with vegetation
strips.

This embedded depth is approximately 10

times the diameter of whole culms or 25 times
the thickness of inch wide splints.
Spacing of the stirrups should not exceed 6
inches.
8

DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Bamboo reinforced concrete design
is similar to steel reinforcing design.
Bamboo reinforcement can be assumed to
have the following mechanical properties.

Mechanical properties of bamboo reinforcement

Mechanical Property

Symbol

Value (psi)Value (psi)

Ultimate compressive strength

---

8,000

Allowable compressive stress

4,000

Ultimate tensile strength

---

18,000

Allowable tensile stress

4,000

Allowable bond stress

50

Modulus of elasticity

2.5x106

10

 When

design
handbooks
are
available
for
steel
reinforced
concrete, the equations and design
procedures can be used to design
bamboo reinforced concrete if the
above mechanical properties are
substituted for the reinforcement.

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BEAMS AND GIRDERS

Bamboo longitudinal reinforcement should be
between 3 and 4 percent of the concrete cross
section.It have the same bending moment
resistance coefficient as a balanced steel
reinforced beam, singly reinforced. Economy of
concrete increases going to the left on the
curve; therefore, deeper, narrower replacement
beams are recommended. A minimum number
of rods should be used to provide adequate
spacing. The bamboo stirrup area should
always be about 4 times the steel stirrup area.

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Example
Design of Bamboo Reinforced Beam:
Design a bamboo reinforced concrete beam to
span 2.43m and to carry a uniform dead load
plus live load of 450 KN/m and two
concentrated loads of 108 KN
each
symmetrically located 0.6m each side of the
center line of span. Assume the ultimate
strength of the concrete is 240KN/m2; the
allowable compression stress is 108 KN/m2
Allowable unit diagonal tension stress,V , in
the concrete is 72 KN/m2. Allowable tension
stress, s, in the bamboo is 400 KN/m2; the
allowable unit bond stress between bamboo
and concrete is 40 KN/m2.
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Solution
1.

At the intersection of the allowable stress curves for

concrete and bamboo, find R = 115 and p = 3.1 percent.

2. Maximum bending moment, M, is given by:

M = [450(2.43)2(12)]/2.43 + 108(0.6)(12) =13899.6 KN m.
R = M/bd2
3. From
bd2 = 13899.6/115 = 120.86 m3
4. If b = 2.43m. is chosen, then d = (120.86(10)/2.43) =
7.05mm.
5. Bamboo reinforcement = pbd = 0.031(2.43)(7.05) = 4.75
6. Use -inch-thick splints, area = 0.563 m2.
Number required = 4.75/0.563 = 8.4; round up to 9. Space
evenly in three rows. Bend up top row randomly in the
outer one-third ends of the beam.
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7. Check the bond stress. Maximum shear at the support, V,

is determined as:
V = 450(2.43)/2 + 108 = 860 KN/m2.
The perimeter of one splint is 4(3/4) or 3 m.; the total
perimeter of the longitudinal reinforcement, 0, is 9(3) =
27 m. The value of j = 0.925
u = V ojd = 654.7 27(0.925)(7.06) = 13 KN/m2
This is less than the allowable bond stress of 40 KN/m2.
8. Calculate the shear, V', taken by the concrete from
V' = bjd = 72(2.4)(0.925)(4.75) = 759.2 KN/m2
Where is the allowable diagonal tension stress of the
concrete.
9. Provide 0.4 mm thick splints for stirrups. The area
provided by one stirrup bent into a U-shape, A, is 4(0.4)
= 1.6 mm2 (Stirrup area 4 times the dia). Maximum
spacing, s, is given by:
s = Ajd (V - V') = 1.6(400)(0.925)(4.75) (860
759.2) = 10.1mm.
Common practice is to include two additional
stirrups past the point where diagonal tension
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reinforcement is not needed.

COLUMNS
Bamboo reinforcement in columns serves to
resist a compression load equal to that taken by
the concrete it displaces; it also will resist shear
and tensile stresses. Of the full cross section of
concrete, only 80 percent is considered effective
in rectangular tied, columns. Allowable concrete
stress should not exceed 0.225 f'c where f'c is
the ultimate compressive strength of the
concrete.
Vertical reinforcement should be approximately
4 percent of the column cross section for
rectangular columns. When bamboo is used as
lateral tie reinforcement, the ties should be
spaced not over 16 times the least dimension of
the vertical reinforcement nor farther apart than
the least dimension of the column.
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Example
Design
of
Bamboo
ConcreteColumn:

Reinforced

Determine the cross section and bamboo

reinforcement of a column required to carry
an
axial
load
of
700
KN.
Ultimate
compression strength of the concrete,
240.KN/m2
Solution:
1. For an unreinforced rectangular column the
safe axial load, P, is given by:
P = 0.8Ac (0.225 f'c)
Where Ac is the cross-sectional area of the
concrete column and f'c
is the ultimate
compressive strength of concrete.
2. The column should have a cross-sectional
area of:
17
Ac = 700 0.8 (0.225) (240)(10) 3 = 16.20

3.

If a square column is chosen, it will have face

dimensions of
b = (16.20) = 4.0 m

4.

The amount of vertical reinforcement should be 4

percent of the concrete area .These should be
spaced evenly around the perimeter of 1 to 1
mm of cover. Provide each vertical splint with a
90-degree corner.

18

COMPARISON OF BAMBOO
AND STEEL
The

strength of bamboo is greater than

steel.
Bamboo is easily accessible.
Bamboo lowers the cost of construction.
Increases the strength of the buildings .
Bamboo can crack and deflect more
than steel reinforcement.

19

Other Applications Of
Bamboo

Bamboo bridge in the Amsterdam Woods

20

Bamboo theatre during the Festival of Vision, Berlin, 2000

21

Bamboo scaffolding at the top of a new high-rise building in

Hong kong
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CONCLUSION
The environmental and financial comparison
demonstrates that bamboo can compete
with building material. Bamboo is a natural
product and will therefore always have
some extent of irregularity. It is therefore
suggested that the bamboo culm should be
used in functions were the measurement
requirements are not entirely precise or
fixed, as in temporary buildings (e.g.,
pavilions and tents) or small civil projects.
Furthermore, bamboo can play a role as a
non-supporting or finishing material.
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REFERENCES
1. H. E. Glenn. "Bamboo reinforcement in portland cement

concrete," Engineering Experiment Station, Clemson Agricultural

College, Clemson, South Carolina, Bulletin No. 4, May 1950.
2. U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. Technical
Report No. 6-646: "Precast concrete elements with bamboo
reinforcement," by E. F. Smith and K. L. Saucier. Vicksburg,
Mississippi, May 1964.
3. S. R. Mehra and R. G. Ghosh. "Bamboo-reinforced soil-cement,"
Civil Engineering and Public Works Review, Vol. 60, no. 711,
October 1965; vol. 60, no. 712. November 1965.
4. "Concrete floors on ground," Portland Cement Association
Concrete Information, ST-51.
5. American Concrete Institute. "Building code requirements for
reinforced concrete," (ACI 318-56). May 1956.
6. Department of the Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks. Design
Manual NAVDOCKS DM-2, Structural Engineering. October 1964.

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