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Basics of IC Engines
and
Fuel-Air & Actual Cycles
Syllabus
UNIT-I
Lecture No 1
Learning Objectives:
To learn basics of heat engines, IC and EC engines, IC
engines construction- components and materials,
engine nomenclature, applications
I. C. Engines
Engine of a car
Basics of IC Engines
Heat Engines
Internal Combustion (IC) Engines
External Combustion (EC) Engines
Engine Construction components and
material
Engine Nomenclature
Applications
What is an engine?
- a machine which converts chemical energy of fuel into mechanical
energy
Types of engines:
*External combustion engine.
-Ex: steam engine
Gas turbines
Stirling engine
Otto engine
internal combustion
Diesel engine
Vankel engine
applied in:
automotive
rail transportation
power generation
ships
aviation
garden appliances
Air
Mixing
Combustion
Power
Fuel
Useful
Work
Carburetor
Ignition
(Spark plug /
Compressed
ignition)
Valves
Piston/connecting rod
Crankshaft
Flywheel
Clutch
Gear box
Wheels
Historical IC Engines
FLYWHEEL
16
Classification of IC Engines
Based on No of stroke per cycle:
Four stroke
Two stroke
Based on thermodynamic cycle:
Otto/Constant volume heat addition cycle
Diesel/Constant pressure heat addition
cycle
Dual Cycle (Heat addition-At const Pressure
Based
on No of cylinders:
and vol)
Single cylinder
Multi-cylinders
Classification of IC Engines
Based on arrangement of cylinders:
Inline engines
V engines
Radial engines
Opposed cylinders engines
Opposed pistons engines
Based on ignition systems:
SI engines
CI engines
Based on cooling system:
Air cooled
Liquid cooled
Classification of IC Engines
Based on fuel used:
Petrol engines
Diesel engines
Gas engines
Bi-fuel engines
Based on fuel supply systems:
Carburetor engines
Solid injection engines
Based on lubrication system:
Wet sump lubrication
Dry sump lubrication
Mist lubrication
Engine Components
Parts of an Engine
Parts of
an IC
Engine
Name as many
parts as you can
Parts of
an IC
Engine
Cylinder head
Air cleaner
Choke
Throttle
Intake manifold
Exhaust manifold
If you scored:
25 32- Excellent
Piston rings
15 24- Good
Piston
Wrist pin
10 14- OK
Cylinder block
Connecting rod
<10- Change your
Oil gallery to piston
lub oil
Oil gallery to head
Crankcase
Breather cap
Rocker arm
Valve spring
Valve guide
Pushrod
Sparkplug
Combustion chamber
Tappet
Dipstick
Cam
Camshaft
Water jacket
Wet liner
Crankpin
Crankshaft
Main bearing
Oil pan or sump
Engine Components
Cylinder Block, Cylinder Head, Rocker Arms,
Rocker Shaft, Push Rods, Engine Valves, Inlet
&
Outlet Manifolds, Carburetor, Air Filter, Tappet
Cover
Piston, Piston Rings, Connecting Rod,
Cylinder/
Cylinder Liners, Gudgeon/Piston Pin, Crank
Shaft,
Big end Bearings, Main/Journal Bearings, Cam
Shaft,
Cam Followers, Oil Pan, Oil Pump, Oil Filter,
Water
Lecture No 2
Learning Objectives:
Inlet valve
Cylinder
Piston
INDUCTION STROKE
INDUCTION STROKE
Piston down
INDUCTION STROKE
Piston down
COMPRESSION STROKE
Piston up
Piston up
COMPRESSION STROKE
POWER STROKE
Piston down
powerfully
POWER STROKE
Piston down
powerfully
POWER STROKE
POWER STROKE
Exhaust valve
open
EXHAUST STROKE
Exhaust valve
open
Exhaust gases
out
Piston up
EXHAUST STROKE
Exhaust valve
open
Exhaust gases
out
Piston up
EXHAUST STROKE
Exhaust valve
closed
INDUCTION STROKE
And so the
cycle
continues!!
engine1.swf
1.
2.
3.
4.
Intake
Compression
Combustion
Exhaust
the piston
reaches the top, the
spark plug emits a
spark to ignite the
gasoline/air mixture.
The
gasoline/air
mixture explodes
driving the piston
down.
The
piston reaches
the bottom of its
stroke, the exhaust
valve opens and the
exhaust leaves out
of the tailpipe.
The
engine is ready
for another cycle.
4 Processes Cycle
1
Intake Valve
Intake
Manifold
Cylinder
Piston
Connecting
Rod
Exhaust Valve
Exhaust
Manifold
Spark
Plug
Crank
Crankcase
Intake Stroke
Compression
Power Stroke
Exhaust Stroke
Intake valve
Stroke
Fuel-air mixture burns, Exhaust valve
opens,
Both valves closed, increasing temp and
open, exhaust
admitting fuel
Fuel/air mixture is pressure, expansion of
products are
and air. Exhaust
compressed by
combustion gases
displaced from
valve closed for rising piston. Spark drives piston down.
cylinder. Intake
most of stroke ignites mixture near Both valves closed, valve opens near
end of stroke.
exhaust valve opens
end of stroke.
near end of stroke
TWOSTROKE
OPERATION
2 Stroke Process
Compression
(Ports closed)
Air Taken Into
Crankcase
Combustion
Exhaust
(Ports closed) (Intake port
closed)
Scavenging
and Intake
(Ports open)
AIR/FUEL
INTAKE
COMPRESSION
COMBUSTION
&
EXHAUST
Working
of a
4 Stroke
SI
Engine
Working
of a
2 Stroke
SI
Engine
EVC
Ign Adv
Compression
Stroke
Exhaust
Stroke
20
IVO
Suction
Stroke
10
IVC
20 25
EVO
BDC
Power/
Expansion
Stroke
EVC
10-15
FIC 15
Compression
Stroke
Exhaust
Stroke
25FIS
IVO
Suction
Stroke
10- 25
20- 30
45
IVC
EVO
BDC
Power/
Expansion
Stroke
Lecture No 3
Learning Objectives:
Engine
Terminology
TDC, BDC
Engine Terminology
More Terminology
Terminology
Bore
=d
Stroke = s
d 2
Clearance volume = Vc
Compression ratio = r
r = V s + Vc
Vc
VBDC
VTDC
Being Human
Engine
Intake & Exhaust
Systems
Carburetor
A/F Mixture
Engine
Engine Manifolds
Manifolds are conduits, which are connected
Intake Manifolds
Intake manifolds should cause minimum
Cylinder Head
Exhaust System
Engine
Exhaust
Manifolds
Silencer/
Muffler
Exhaust Pipe
Exhaust/Tail Pipe
Open to Atm
Exhaust Manifolds
After power stroke, flue/ burnt gases are required to
be removed from engine cylinders
Exhaust manifolds collect the burnt gases from each
cylinder and through silencer, pass them to atm
Requirements:
Minimum back pressure to reduce power loss
(Increase in back pressure by 0.1 bar results in
decrease in power output by about 1.5%)
Reduction in combustion noise as exiting gases will
expand suddenly in atmosphere making lot of noise
Transfer of minimum possible heat to system (Vehicle)
Reduce emissions going to atmosphere
(exhaust treatment like using Catalytic Converter)
Silencer/ Muffler
After the power stroke, burnt gases, which
Enhancing Knowledge
Lecture No 4
Learning Objectives:
ideal/
perfect gas
throughout
( follows
theeither
Law
Working
fluid
is a fixed mass
of air
pV=mRT
contained)
in a closed system or flowing at a constant
rate
the same
as that of air at standard atmospheric
conditions;
Working medium has constant specific heats
C
=1.005,
C
=0.718
&
=1.4
p
v
Heat addition & rejection processes take
place in
reversible manner and if required,
instantaneously
Compression & Expansion processes are
(at constant volume)
reversible
adiabatic
(Isentropic);
(no heat
Kinetic
& PE
of the working
fluidtransfer)
are neglected
All dissipative effects like friction, viscosity
etc, are
neglected
p2& pn 2Where
T2initial
adiabatic (isentropic)
conditions;
T1 V2
p1
process
Pressure:
ascal Pa=N/m2
bar = 105 Pa =105 N/m2 =100 kPa =1.03 kg/cm2
MPa = 106 Pa = 10 bar
Volume:
1 lit = 1000cc = 10-3m3
4
0
V2/V3
V1/V4
1
r
1 1
1 1
r 1
1
r 1
r 1
3
2
p
5
1
r 1
1 . 1
1
r
1 1
1 1
r 1
Diesel Cycle:
Dual Cycle:
1
r 1
1 . 1
Lecture No 5
Learning Objectives:
Learning Air Standard Engine Cycles through
Numerical Problems
1
.
0705
m
1x10 5
Solution (contd):
Point 2: (1-2 adiabatic
V1
compn)
p1 V1 p 2V2 p 2 p1
V
p 2 1x8
1.4
18.38 bar
V1
Now
r 8
V2
V1 1.0705
V2
0.1338m 3
8
8
p1V1
p 2V2
T1
T2
p 2V2
18.38 x0.1338
T2
xT1
x373 856.8 K
p1V1
1x1.0705
Solution (contd):
Point 3:(2-3 const vol process)
V3 V2 0.1338m ;
3
p 3 50 bar ; T3 ?
Pr ocess
Const
T
p3 p2
p3
T3
xT2
T3 T2
p2
50
Hence T3
x856.8 2330.8K
18.38
Solution (contd):
Point 4:(3-4 Adiabatic process)
p 3V3 p 4V4
V3
p 4 p 3
V4
1
p 4 50 x
V2
p 3
V1
1.4
2.72 bar
V4 V1 1.0705m
Hence T4 xT1
x 373 1014.6 K
T4 T1
p1
1
Solution (contd):
Heat Supplied QS mC v T3 T2
To find C v , we know that :
C p Cv R
R
1
OR
Cv
R
0.287
Cv
0.718kJ / kg
1 1 .4 1
Heat Re jected QR mC v T4 T1
2.3
Heat Re jected
460.7
air Std
V s Vc
1 1 ; r
Vc
r
1
Now Vc=0.17V1=0.17(Vs+Vc)
r
V1
5.88
0.17V1
1
1
0.5076 or 50.76%
1.4 1
5.88
Solution (Contd):
Max Temp T3=?
T2 V1
T2 T1
V2
303x5.881.41 615.45K
V1
p1V1 p 2V2 p 2 p1
V2
p 2 93 5.88
1.4
1110 .73kPa
p3 p 2
For Const Vol Process (2 3) :
T3 T2
p3
2747 x10 3 x615.45
T3
xT2
1520.36 K
3
p2
1110 .73x10
Solution (Contd):
Work Done / Cycle
WD
Pmean
Stroke Volume
V1 V2
WD x Q S
QS mC v (T3 T2 )
1x0.7161520.36 615.45
647.9kJ / kg
WD= x Qs
WD=647.9x0.5076=328.88kJ/kg
To find out Stroke Vol (V1-V2) ; we have V1/V2=5.88
V1 can be found out from p1V1=mRT1 taking m=1kg
Hence V1=(1x0.287x303)/93=0.935m3/kg
Therefore, V2=V1/5.88=0.935/5.88=0.159m3/kg
Solution (Contd):
Pmean
Stroke Volume
V1 V2
Pmean
328.88
423.7 kPa
0.935 0.159
Actual Efficiency
Relative Efficiency R
Air Std Efficiecy
26.85
52.89%
50.76
Lecture No 6
Learning Objectives:
Learning Air Standard Engine Cycles through
Numerical Problems
Heat Supplied
mC p (T3 T2 ) mC v (T4 T1 )
mC p (T3 T2 )
T4 T1
1
T3 T2
Solution (Contd):
V1
For Process (1 2); T2 T1
V2
V3 V2
For Constant Pressure Process (2 3) :
T
T
3
2
V
T
3
V2
T2
2773
3.21
864
T4 V3
V3 V2
T4 T3
x
V2 V4
V3 V2
T3
x
V2 V1
T 4 2773 3.21x
14
1.4 1
1538.5 K
Solution (Contd):
1538.5 300
T4 T1
1
0.5366 or 53.66%
1
1.4 2773 864
T3 T2
Pmean
;
Stroke Volume
Stroke Vol V1 V2 V1
V2
1
V1
0
.
861
m
/ kg
5
p1
1x10
V2
1
Solution (Contd):
Work Done / Cycle
Pmean
;
Stroke Volume
C p T3 T2 C v (T4 T1 )
Stroke Volume
0.7995 x10 5
12.86 bar
3
1 1
Thermal Efficiency th 1 1
r
1
r=V1/V2=18 (given) =V3/V2=?
Let Clearance Volume V2=1
Then, V1 will be 18
Hence stroke vol=V1-V2=17
Now, 10% of stroke vol
=17x0.1=1.7
Solution (Contd):
Hence, V3=1+1.7=2.7 Therefore, =V3/V2=2.7/1=2.7
Thermal Efficiency th
1 1
1 1
r
1
1 2.71.4 1
th 1 1.41
0.6 or 60%
18
1.4 2.7 1
V1
p 2 p1
V2
V1
T2 T1
V2
Solution (Contd):
T2
T3
p3V3
T3 T2 x
931x 2.7 2513.7 K
p2V2
Answer
Importance of
Being Punctual
Lecture No 7
Learning Objectives:
Theoretical Fuel-Air Cycles
otto 1
diesel
1
r
OR
1 1
1 1
r 1
2
4
4
4
&
Cv=a1+bT+cT2
V1
Therefore , temp T2 T1
V2
Qs
V3
Temp T4 ' T3 '
V4
V2
T3 '
V1
T3 '
1 decreases to T4 ' '
r
Molecular
Contraction
Molecular
Expansion
Lecture No 8
earning Objectives:
To learn fuel-air cycle through numerical problems
Numerical Problems
On
Fuel-Air Cycles
p3 p2
p1v1 p2 v2
T1
T2
OR
T2 p2
T1 p1
For T3 ;
n 1
n
v1
v2
n 1
r n 1
mg Cv T3 T2 m f xCV
Lecture No 9
earning Objectives:
To learn fuel-air cycle through numerical problems
Lecture No 10
Learning Objectives:
To learn actual fuel-air cycle
Real/
Actual
Otto Cycle
Latest Developments
End of Unit I