Foundry-Basics

By

Rao Muhammad Zeeshan,

(Mechanical Associate Engineer)

Instructor at
Wah British Institute of technology, Taxila

What is a Foundry?
A foundry is:
a factory that pours molten metal into molds,
producing cast metal objects.
Casting is one of the oldest industrial processes
There are different casting processes.
The focus here is: GREEN SAND CASTING

Some
typical cast
metal
objects:

Aluminum
pots

Engine blocks,
axles
Turbine blades
in jet engines

SAND-CASTING
Basic materials & equipment for green sand-casting
Pattern
a copy of the shape
you want to produce,
made of wood, plastic
or metal

Sand,
mixed with clay binder &
water (so it will hold its
shape) plus coal dust to
improve surface finish
Container of molten
filled from furnace

metal

Top and bottom mold forms

made of metal, open at top and bottom

Rammer
tool to compact the sand; often a
pressing machine is used

SAND-CASTING
A very basic summary of the sand casting process. . .
First of all,
mix the sand.
THEN

MOLDING:

Sand placed
into bottom mold
form &
compacted

MOLDING:
Pattern placed into mold

SAND-CASTING
MOLDING: Add
the top mold
form

RISER: A tube or
pipe provides a
path to exhaust
gases

RUNNER: A tube or
pipe provides a
path to pour the
metal in

Pattern is still inside!

MOLDING: Fill top form

with compacted sand.

SAND-CASTING
5

MOLDING: Take
the top mold off
and remove
pattern & pipe

In the middle of the

sand is a cavity
shaped like the
pattern!

MOLDING: Replace the

top mold and fasten
socket!

Pouring
hole

SAND-CASTING

8
7

CASTING:
Pour the metal (container is
filled from furnace immediately
before you are ready to pour)

Wait for the metal to cool

(depending on the size of
the casting)

SAND-CASTING
A copy of the pattern
has now been made
in metal

9
CLEANING. Sand is
cleaned off the part

SHAKE OUT: Break apart the two

halves of the mold & take out the
partusually requires vibrating or
striking the mold to break apart the
sand

10 Mold forms are reused

Sand is broken up,
11 screened to remove
debris and clumps, and
sent for remixing

SAND-CASTING
Sand-casting is simple
in concept, but
demanding in
execution. It is a
process essential to
making basic and
advanced products. . .
it is also hazardous
and energy-intensive!

Sand Casting: Parts of a Sand Mold (expendable mold)

Key terms:
Flask, Cope, Drag, Spur, Runner, Gate, Riser, Mold Cavity, Core, Parting
Line, Draft (not shown).

Casting Terminology

Parting line

Sand Casting Configuration

Patterns
What is pattern?
Approximate duplicate of product
Patterns are made in the shape of the casting
Pattern Materials: Wood, Plastic or metal.
One piece or multiple piece pattern

Types of Patterns
Types of patterns used in sand casting:
(a) solid pattern
(b) split pattern
(c) matchpalate pattern
(d) cope and drag pattern

Pattern Making

One piece or Solid Pattern

Match Plate Pattern

Split Pattern

Cope & Drag Pattern

Pattern Allowances
Shrinkage Allowance
Patterns are made larger than the casting to compensate
contraction of the liquid while freezing.
For internal cavities the allowances should be negative.
Machining Allowance
Allowance required to remove the rough cast surface. 2 to 25 mm
(0.1 to 1)
Draft Allowance
To facilitate ease of removal, usually to 2 deg.
Shrinkage allowance
Normal shrinkage: Cast iron 0.83 to 1.3%
Aluminum - 1.3%

Cores

Cores are used to create

internal cavities.
Should have similar
properties as the mold.
Shaken out after casting is
produced.

Casting Process

1
Mould

Dolly

5
Sprue
Pins

10

11

12

13