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Zaenul Wafa

How is Speech Sound produced?

Planning and Execution

Sources of Difficulity

Why and how people say what they want to say

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Speech production is a process that begin when the talker formulate
the message in his or her mind to transmit to the listener via speech.

The main source is the lungs with the diaphragm. When speaking, the air flow is
forced through the glottis betwen the vocal cord and the larynx to three main
cavities of the vocal tract.; pharynx, the oral and nasal cavities

Discourse plan
PLANNING
AND
SPEECH EXECUTION
Clark and
Clark in
Fauziati
(2013:84)

Sentence plan
Constituent plan
Articulatory plan

Articulation

Discourse plan

Speakers decide what kind of discourse they are going to take part (involvement)
e.g: give instruction, tell a story , make conversation etc

SENTENCE PLAN
After deciding a discourse. Speakers call storage of words to pick it into
suitable with discourse
1. Propositional Content
The states or events the speakers talk about (the some things that they talk about)
2. Illocutionary Content
what a person does in saying something else
In illocutionary content, it deals with the speakers want to deal with, for instance whether they want to make
assertation, a question a request and others. That reflect the speech act that the speakers intend to make.
3. Thematic structure
In this phase, the speakers judgements about the listeners mental state. They have to keep track what the listeners
already know and what they do not know. The speakers must adjust their sentences to match what they think their
listeners know and do not know.
In general thematic structure has three main functions:
1. To convey given information and new information. 2. To convey the suject and predicate and 3. to convey
frame and insert

CONSTITUENT PLAN
Once the listeners have decided on the kind of a sentence, then they
can start planning its constituent. In doing so they have to pick up
the right words, phrases or idiom and put them in the right order.

Generally, speakers plan more than one word at a time and

not the whole sentence at once

ARTICULATORY PROGRAM

After specific words or phrases are chosen, the speakers

then put them into an
articulatory program

Working memory
Capable of holding all the
words of a planned constituent

Contains
Phonetic segment (like ; d, t, k) words
(do, look), stress and intonation as well
as larger constituent (small house, goal
keeper)

To execute

Fauziati (2013:84)

ARTICULATION
The final process is articulation. This is the execution of the contents
of the articulatory program done by mechanism providing sequence
and timing to the articulatory program.

It tells the articulatory muscles what they should do and when.

This process result in audible sounds that the speakers intend
to produce

Cognitive reasons
SOURCES OF
PLANNING DIFFICULTY

The fiirst source of planning difficulty is called cognitive difficulty.

People usually take longer time to produce sentences which deal
with abstract than concrete ones.

Anxiety
The second source is anxiety. Situational anxiety often becomes the
source difficlty in speech plan. When people are anxious they
become tense and their planning and execution of speech become
less efficient.

Social reasons
The finla source of difficulty is social factor. For example, speech plan
seems difficult whhen cnversation takes place under pressure.

Co
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CONCLUSION
Speech production is a process that begin when the talker
formulate the message in his/her mind to transmit to the listener
via speech.
When speaking, speakers take the already formulated plans and
execution and speech which runs quiet smoothly is called ideal
delivery. However, not all goes well in everyday speech. Sometimes
the actual speech execution is often filled with errors; that is due to
the intermixture between planning and execution.

REFERENCES
Furui, S., 2001, Digital Speech Processing,
Synthesis and Recognition, Marcel Dekker Inc.,
New York.
http://waterfilling.blogspot.com/2010/12/mekanis
me-pembentukan-suara.html