0 XDSL

7302 ISAM
xDSL
Alejandro Pez
alejandro.paez@alcatel-lucent.com
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007
Table of content
Introduction
The DSL family
Standards
Restrictions
Modulation
Error detection and correction
ADSL flavors
2 | xDSL
TOC
Introduction
POTS modem communication

WWW
PSTN network
modem
NB Access server
+ modem pool
Modem to modem communication in POTS band through the PSTN network!
Frequencies within the voice band are transmitted through the switched
connection of a PSTN network
This voice band is used for voice or modem communication (e.g. fax, V.32,
V.90, ...)
4 | xDSL
POTS vs non-POTS modem communication

Spectrum of local telephone line
Voice band
used by
POTS modems
Other frequencies used by DSL technologies:

ISDN > up to 80kHz
ADSL > up to 1,1MHz
(V.32, V.90, )
300Hz
3400Hz
Frequency
(f )
DSL technologies
use other frequencies
outside the voice band
to modulate
information on your local telephone line (UTP)
Hz
ISDN provides you with a 160 Kbps connection

ADSL gives you a high speed broadband connection on your local line
5 | xDSL
Solutions offered by ADSL
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
Bitrate of analogue
modem limited to 56 kb/s
ADSL - modem
PSTN not suited for

high speed data traffic
Redirection of data
traffic to specific
network (B-ISDN)
6 | xDSL
ADSL
7300
ASAM
upstream : up to 800
kbps
Residential
POTS,ISDN
downstream : up to 8,1
Mpbs
unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
ANT
max 5,4 km
ADSL : Asymmetrical
Digital Subscriber Line
7 | xDSL
ADSL spectrum
Upstream
Downstream
POTS
POTS
8Mbps
Copper
wire
800kbps
300Hz
30kHz
3400Hz
125 kHz 164 kHz

138 kHz
1,1 MHz
ADSL uses frequencies on the local line up to 1,1 MHz

These frequencies do NOT overlap with the POTS or ISDN band, allowing
simultaneous voice and data communication
8 | xDSL
ADSL
POTS splitter (PS)
S
F
P
I
L
L & I
T
T
E
T
R
E
R
UTP to LEX
The lower frequencies used by ADSL can disturb the audible spectrum and need
to be filtered out towards the telephone set
With on-hook / off-hook situations, the line impedance changes and this will
impact the ADSL modem communication (re-sync)
9 | xDSL
Voice / Data over DSL ?
ADSL with derived voice
Standard ADSL
Data
ADSL CPE
ADSL
PS
POTS
VoDSL CPE
PS
Data
POTS Lifeline
Telephone Line
ADSL suitable for all types of communication (voice and data)

Evolution towards Full Digital Loop (FDL)
Elimination of POTS lifeline (and thus splitter)
10 | xDSL
ADSL
Telephone Line
ADSL overview
Service
providers
Access providers
End users
PSTN
POTS
ISP
POTS
Corporates
ATM
NT
AS (BRAS)
LT
voice
PS
LT
PS
data
ADSL
modem pool
ADSL modem-modem communication
ATM PVC connection
End-to-end data connection
11 | xDSL
TOC
The DSL family
xDSL
ADSL
first approach to deliver high bandwidth over existing UTP
killer technology for residential internet access
SHDSL
symmetrical high bandwidth service mostly for business users
VDSL
very high speed bandwidth for BB entertainment (video)
can work both in symmetrical & asymmetrical mode
FTTU
fiber to the user = optical fiber all the way to the customer.
conquering the last mile
13 | xDSL
SHDSL
Single-pair High speed DSL
192 kbps 2.312 Mbps bidirectional (Single pair UTP)
384 kbps 4.624 Mbps bidirectional (Double pair UTP)
IMA support via SMLT board : combine 8 SHDSL lines links into one virtual link
(8 x 2,312 Mbps)
Limited in distance
max 2,5 km loops
No POTS/ISDN service
SHDSL uses the entire frequency range
no splitters required
TC/PAM modulation technique
14 | xDSL
VDSL
Bitrates up to 55Mbps downstream on short loops (300m)
maximum loop reach : 1500m
3000 carriers for DMT
Mostly needs a non-CO deployment
via remote units (FTTN : fiber to the neighborhood)
Uses frequencies up to 12MHz
zipper mechanism with FDD (frequency division duplexing)
standardized bandplans (next slide)
Upstream Power Back Off
to avoid FEXT
Disable carriers
to avoid interference with HAM bands
15 | xDSL
VDSL band plans
ADSL
0.138
1.1 MHz
Plan B (formerly plan 997) ETSI + ITU - compromise band plan

down
up
0.138
down
3.0
5.1
up
7.05
12.0 MHz
Plan A (formerly plan 998) ETSI + ANSI + ITU - optimized for asymmetry
down
up
0.138
3.75
down
up
5.2
8.5
12.0 MHz
flexible plan Fx (ITU; under discussion in ETSI)

down
0.138
up
2.5
down
up
Fx
3.75
12.0 MHz
example band plan for China - optimized for symmetry

down
0.138
16 | xDSL
up
3.75
optional down
8.5
12.0 MHz
FTTU
Fiber To The User
using PON (Passive Optical Network, passive star topology)
Extremely high bandwidth
using Wavelength Division Multiplexing
622 Mbps down, 155 Mbps up
Smaller-diameter, lighter-weight cables
Lack of crosstalk between parallel fibers
no NEXT, FEXT
Immunity to inductive interference
High-quality transmission
Low installation and operating costs
17 | xDSL
FTTU deployment scenario
FTTEx
FTTCab
FTTC
FTTH/B
XNT
ONU
ADSL ( < 6 KM )
< 8 Mbit/s
Central Office
ATM NETWORK
VB5
OLT
XNT
ONU
ADSL/VDSL ( < 1 KM )
LL Network
< 26 Mbit/s
G.703
VDSL ( < 300 M )
ONU
OTHER
POTS/ISDN
XNT
< 52 Mbit/s
V5
ONT
< 622 Mbit/s down
< 155 Mbit/s up
18 | xDSL
TOC
Standards
ANSI standards
ANSI T1.413 Issue 1
1995
first ADSL specification out in 1995 was STM based and not clearly built.
ANSI T1.413 Issue 2
1998
second ADSL specification which was mostly driven by Alcatel and ATM based
as is used today
20 | xDSL
ITU-T standards
ITU-T
G.dmt or G992.1
specification by ITU-T which is based on the ANSI T1.413 Issue 2 standard
plus an extra handshaking protocol.
Annex A
Annex B
specifies operation above the POTS band
Annex C
specifies operation for the Japanese ISDN band
specifies operation above the ISDN band
ITU-T
G.lite or G992.2
specification by ITU-T which is a stripped down version of the ANSI T1.413
Issue 2 standard plus an extra handshaking protocol. Based on
recommendations made by the UAWC workgroup (Microsoft, Compaq, Intel)
ITU-T
G.hs or G994.1
specifies the handshaking procedure for xDSL transceivers
21 | xDSL
POTS
Spectrum
UP
POTS
30kHz
G.dmt Annex A
DOWN
138kHz
1,1MHz
UP
G.lite
DOWN
548kHz
30kHz
ISDN
UP
138kHz
22 | xDSL
G.dmt Annex B
DOWN
1,1MHz
TOC
Restrictions
Data speed
Question : how can we increase the data speed and respect the symbol rate
related constraint ? (Nyquist)
Bits
symbols
bits
sec
sec
symbol
Answer : increase the number of bits per symbol via different modulation
techniques like QAM
bit rate
expresses in bits per second (bps)
symbol rate expressed in symbols per second (baud)
24 | xDSL
Nyquist bandwidth constraint

Time (sec)
Ts
Symbol period
For a given bandwidth (W in Hz), the maximum amount of symbols/second

(Rs in baud) is limited in order to avoid Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)
Each symbol corresponds to a number of bits
You need to be able to distinguish one symbol from another
The symbol period is minimum the signal period of the lowest frequency.
25 | xDSL
Shannon-Hartley capacity theorem
Capacity [bps]
~
~
1/3 x W x SNR x G
W = bandwidth in Hz
SNR = Signal to Noise ratio in dB
G = Gainfactor achieved by error correction
26 | xDSL
Shannon-Hartley : Capacity vs. Distance
Capacity Mb/s
25
20
Sha
15
nn o
nH
AD
SL
10
artl
ey
c
apa
city
8,1 Mb/s
6 Mb/s
2 Mb/s
27 | xDSL
2
3
4
UTP Cable length
km
5
Attenuation vs. Frequency

Attenuation
(dB)
1 km
20
R=
2km
3km
40
4km
60
Cable cross section = 0,5mm
80
POTS
band
28 | xDSL
10 KHz
100 KHz
1 MHz
Frequency
(Hz)
xd
Seff
Attenuation due to distance
Local exchange
R=
xd
Seff
UTP cable 0,5 mm2
4 km : Loss of 32dB at 150 kHz

5 km : Loss of 55dB at 150 kHz
Received pulse
Transmitted pulse
29 | xDSL
Speed characteristics vs. distance
Mbit/s
10
ADSL Downstream
8
6
4
2
0
Kbit/s
1000
800
600
400
ADSL Upstream
200
0
30 | xDSL
km
km
Bridged taps
1
2
Echo
Echo
Main
Signal
Attenuation (dB)
Increased
attenuation due to
Bridged Tap
Frequency (Hz)
31 | xDSL
Crosstalk
Rx
Tx
Rx
Tx
Tx
Near End Crosstalk

Tx
Rx
Rx
Far End Crosstalk
Rx
Rx
Tx
Tx
Rx
For ADSL there is no Near End Crosstalk only Far End Crosstalk!
32 | xDSL
POTS
Crosstalk AoP & AoI
UP
30kHz
G.dmt Annex A
DOWN
NEXT
138kHz
1,1MHz
ISDN
UP
G.dmt Annex B
DOWN
138kHz
1,1MHz
When AoP (ADSL over POTS) and AoI (ADSL over ISDN) reside in the same binder
there is NEXT
Some frequencies of the downstream transmitter of an AoP line overlap with
the receiver frequencies of an AoI line.
33 | xDSL
TOC
Modulation
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

Symbol is represented by a variation of amplitude & phase for a particular frequency
y = A . sin (2 f.t + )
Constellation
Transmitted data = 1001 0000 1111

A
0111
2
1
0
0101 0001
0110
0100
0000
1110
1100
1000
1101
1001 1011
0010
-1
-2
-3
1111
0,5
1,5
2,5
Symbol length (Ts)
35 | xDSL
0011
4 bits/symbol
>> QAM-16
1010
QAM and Noise
Constellation
Parasite noise
3
1001
2
1
Same frequency
Amplitude
Phase
1
0
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
0,5
Transmit
0101
0110
0100
0000
1110
1100
1000
1101
1001 1011
0,5
1111
Receive
The Shannon-Hartley theorem : Capacity bps= 1/3 x W x SNR x G
36 | xDSL
0001
0011
1011
0111
0010
1010
QAM vs. SNR

QAM
Bits/symbol
4
QAM-16
Signal/Noise ratio (dB) for

BER<10-7
21,8
QAM-64
27,8
QAM-256
33,8
QAM-512
36,8
10
QAM-1.024
39,9
12
QAM-4.096
45,9
14
QAM-16.384
51,9
table can be used in 2 ways :

(a) what is minimum required SNR to modulate N bits on a carrier
(b) how many bits can be modulated given a SNR of Y dB
37 | xDSL
Discrete Multi Tone (DMT)

For ADSL, multiple carrier frequencies are modulated on the 1 ADSL line using
QAM.
These frequencies are equally spaced and for each carrier the SNR is measured
to determine the maximum achievable QAM.
The sum of all frequencies is put on the line
This concept is called Discrete Multi Tone (DMT)
38 | xDSL
Discrete Multi Tone example
QAM-4 f1
QAM-16 f2
QAM-4 f3
= DMT
Ts (Symbol Time)
39 | xDSL
1 DMT Symbol
DMT and ADSL

The spectrum used for ADSL is divided into 255 carriers.
each carrier is situated at n x 4,3125 kHz
For the upstream direction, carriers 7 to 29 are used
For the downstream direction, carriers 38 to 255 are used
On each carrier the SNR is measured and the QAM determined.
minimum
:
QAM-4
2 bits/symbol
maximum
:
QAM-16384
14 bits/symbol
Symbol period for each carrier : 250 s
40 | xDSL
DMT vs. Line characteristics

attenuation
Line characteristics
ADSL filter
characteristics
Frequency
interference
frequency
Bits / carrier
29
38
255
4 30
125
165
1100
41 | xDSL
carrier
frequency (kHz)
#bits per carrier

Maximum value after SNR measurement per carrier at startup
Bits/carrier
Possible working value at startup
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
42 | xDSL
Carriers
Bit swapping
After start-up we will use a lower QAM then possible on most of the carriers
the measured SNR at startup determines the maximum possible QAM at startup
Example : QAM-4096 corresponding with 12 bits per symbol used QAM on
that carrier : QAM-1024 (10 bits per symbol). This results in extra bits that
could be allocated on that carrier
During showtime (modem operation), the SNR is measured on all carriers at
regular intervals (default 1 sec)
if the SNR on a certain carrier degrades resulting at a lower QAM that can be
used on that carrier, the bits of that carrier will be reallocated to other
carriers where the maximum QAM is higher than the actual used QAM.
the modems will try to spread out the reallocated bits over numerous
carriers.
43 | xDSL
Bitswapping explained
Bits/carrier
Sudden frequency interference decreases

SNR on a number of carriers
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
44 | xDSL
Current max. bits/carrier
Current used bits/carrier
Carriers
Bitswapping explained (2)
Bits/carrier
A lower SNR also lowers our max QAM

(the number of bits on those carriers)
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Carriers
Affected frequencies
45 | xDSL
Bits/carrier
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
46 | xDSL
Carriers
Bits/carrier
Noise margin is spread over the full spectrum
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
47 | xDSL
Carriers
Communicating modems
ADNT DMT FRAME
(ATU-R)
DOWN
modulation
DOWN
demodulation
Unshielded Twisted Pair

UP
demodulation
UP
modulation
2 analogue signals (UP,DOWN) travelling in opposite directions over the UTP
The ATU-R locks to the pilot carrier in the downstream direction (PLL : Phase
Locked Loop)
The better the lock, the better the overall SNR !
48 | xDSL
ADSL superframe
DMT Symbol
DS 1
DS 2
DS 3
DS 4
.....
DS 67
DS 68
SS 69
SUPERFRAME
DMT symbol
17 ms
a DMT symbol is the sum of all symbols on each individual carrier
Data Symbol (DS)
a data symbol is used to transmit payload information
Synchronization Symbol (SS)
a synchronization symbol is transmitted after 68 data symbols to assure
synchronization and to detect possible loss of frame
ADSL symbol period
Ts=17ms/69 = 246,377 s
Ts=17ms/68 = 250 s (symbol period for the data plane)
49 | xDSL
TOC
Error detection and correction principle

DISTANCE = 2 t + 1
= Valid data
1 bit error
2 bit error
3 bit error
Correction Mode
2 bit error
1 bit error
Detection Mode
2 bit error correction (t=2)

3 bit error detection (d=3)
5 bit error detection (d=5)
More than 3 bit error results

in wrong correction
51 | xDSL
= Invalid data

The choice of correction mode or detection mode is a consensus
will you choose the ability to detect AND correct errors with the possibility
to introduce more errors
OR will you choose the ability to detect a higher number of errors with no
possibility to correct them but at least you dont introduce more errors
Some coding mechanisms will switch from correction mode to detection mode as
soon as errors are detected (e.g. ATM)
this is done as errors are mostly of a bursty nature and never come alone.
52 | xDSL
Reed-Solomon correction mode
Byte
Code RS(255,239)
1
2
3
4
Distance : n-k+1
d= 255-239+1
d=17
Correction: (d-1)/2
c=(17-1)/2
c=8
k byte
message
vector
n byte code
vector
239
240
n-k
check
bytes
254
255
53 | xDSL
With 16 check bytes, the RS code

can correct up to 8 erroneous bytes
per code vector
Error correction overhead = 16/255 = 6.3 %
Reed Solomon
Distance = 15-11+1= 5
Message vector
Correction = (5-1)/2= 2
Ctrl
Data to be transmitted
Burst of errors
Transmitted data
More then 2
lost bytes
Lost data
Received data
54 | xDSL
Interleaving
Message
vector
Ctrl
Data to be transmitted
Bloc 0
Bloc 1
Bloc 2
Bloc 3
Bloc 4
Burst errors
Transmitted Data
6 lost bytes
Bloc 0
1 Byte error
per bloc!
Correction
55 | xDSL
Bloc 1
Ctrl Correction
Bloc 3
Bloc 2
Ctrl Correction
Ctrl Correction
Received Data
Ctrl Correction
Ctrl
Reed Solomon ATM burst

Reed Solomon words coming from lower levels
ATM cell: 53 Bytes
1B
Reed Solomon
overhead
RS Decoder
+ Buffer
Traffic
Burst
of 4
ATM
cells
shaper
RS has the characteristic of generating bursty ATM traffic

the result might be that a policing function discards ATM cells
Therefore we need to shape the ATM traffic
ATM cells will be transmitted at line rate
56 | xDSL
ATM
functions
Delay and Interleaving depths
FAST =
NO
INTERLEAVING !
57 | xDSL
Trellis coding
Trellis coding is another error detection and correction mechanism which is
optional for ADSL.
Trellis principle
looking at the complete data, youre able to detect and correct errors,
similar to detection and correction is spoken language.
Example :
transmitted data
the water is wet and cold
received datathe water is let and cold
by looking at the word let only, we can not decide that the sentence is wrong.
by looking at the information before and after the word (context), we can safely say
that it should be wet instead of let.
58 | xDSL
ADSL & Reed Solomon

DMT Symbol
DS 1
DS 2
DS 3
DS 4
Assume Trellis coding is NOT used !
.....
DS 67
DS 68
SS 69
SUPERFRAME
17 ms
1 data symbol corresponds to a 255 RS word. Some bytes in the RS word are
framing overhead used for modem to modem communication (EOC, AOC, IB,
CRC)
If RS is not used, our data still runs through the RS decoder.
The maximum downstream ADSL speed for our data :
with RS
(255-16-1)*8bits/byte*4000 symb/sec
= 7,616 Mbps
without RS (255-1)*8bits/byte*4000 symb/sec = 8,128 Mbps
59 | xDSL
Coding gain
From the table QAM vs. SNR, we have seen that to attain a BER of 10 -7 for a
specific QAM you need a certain SNR.
if the SNR is lower than this value, the BER will be too high.
by introducing error detection and correction you lower the BER because a
number of the introduced errors will be corrected.
The mechanism introduces a coding gain resulting in an actual lower SNR that is
needed to achieve a certain constellation.
Trellis introduces a coding gain of approximately 5,5dB
RS introduces a coding gain of approximately 4dB
Trellis & RS together introduce a gain of approximately 9dB
SNR for BER = 1E-7

Bits/symbol
QAM
uncoded
Trellis
RS
Trellis + RS
QAM-16
21,5
16
17,5
12,5
QAM-64
27,5
22
23,5
18,5
60 | xDSL
ADSL rates
Framing overhead
1 up to 6 Bytes
1/2bit per carrier

+ 4 bits
Attainable
line rate
Trellis
overhead
1B
ATM attainable rate

maximum possible ATM rate
ATM data
Max. 255 Bytes
ATM used rate

currently used ATM rate
Used line rate
actual ADSL line rate
Attainable line rate
maximum attainable line rate based on SNR measurements
61 | xDSL
Reed Solomon
overhead
ADSL Flavors
ADSL2 ADSL2+ READSL2
Table of contents
Overview new standards

ADSL2 Improvements
ADSL2+
READSL2 (Reach Extended ADSL2)
Multi-DSL
63 | xDSL
Overview new standards
Challenges for ADSL today
ADSL today
Reuse of existing copper wire
High Speed Data (Internet) Access
Separate network for data
Data and voice can be used simultaneously
Maximum Distance
Discrete MultiTone (DMT) modulation
Error detection/correction
Physical point-to-point connection
65 | xDSL
The Access Evolution Challenge
The Access Challenge:
Coverage and Bandwidth
CO
Green Zone
Tier 1: 1.5 Mb/s
Grey Zone
Red Zone
ADSL coverage from CO
Coverage
Tier 2: 3.5 Mb/s

Tier 3: 5.5 Mb/s
Tier 4: 7.5 Mb/s
Bandwidth
Services
Tier 5: 10 Mb/s
66 | xDSL
Increasing bandwidth needs

Residential
Voice
Baseband voice
Sample grouping of services into BW Tiers
Tier
High Speed Internet

Increased appetite for symmetrical BW
Increased
ARPU
Communication/Entertainment to N
devices
Video Broadcast
Interactive video (VOD)
Gaming (PC & consoles)
35-45 Tier 1
1.5 Mbps
Tier 2
3.5 Mbps
Tier 3
5.5 Mbps
Tier 4
7.5 Mbps
Tier 5
10 Mbps
Tier 6
15 Mbps
Business
Voice
Baseband voice, VoDSL
Access services
Corporate leased line, access, business
access
Communication/Entertainment to N
devices
Video broadcast, Interactive video
67 | xDSL
Downstream BW
>100
+
++
Upstream requirements could vary from 0.5

Mbps to 1.5 Mbps for symmetrical HSI
consumer services
Coverage
VDSL
ADSL2(plus)
ADSL
68 | xDSL
ADSL2
READSL2
Higher coverage needs: extending the reach
Remote
DSLAM
6 Mb/s
Remote
DSLAM
Central
Office
Remote
DSLAM
69 | xDSL
DSL standards evolution to meet the challenges
ADSL
VDSL
ADSL=
Different bandplans
10% improved performance on

longer loops
Plan 997 :
compromise bandplan
for symmetric and
asymmetric traffic
Next
generation
ADSL2
Improved OAM
Plan 998 : optimized

for asymmetry
Bandwidths available
up to 55 Mb/s on short
loops
ADSL2plus
Downstream
bandwidth boost up to
24 Mb/s
70 | xDSL
Reach Extended DSL

(READSL2)
Loop reach increase of 600900m up to 6 km(192 Kb/s DS
96 Kb/s US)
(0.4 mm loop)
ADSL restrictions
Unable to provide consistent performance over longer distances.
Several potential improvements defined in the last years:
Data rate versus loop reach performance

Loop diagnostics
Deployment from remote cabinets
Spectrum control
Power control
Robustness against loop impairments and RFI, operations and
maintenance.
After 3 years of field expierence with ADSL, the next steps are ADSL2, ADSL2+
and READSL2
71 | xDSL
Overview of the new standards

ITU-T
G.dmt = G.992.1
= current ADSL
G.dmt.bis = G.992.3
= second generation ADSL2
G.dmt = G.992.1 = ADSL

G.dmt.bis = G.992.3 = ADSL2
Main improvements:
performance: raising the bar;
loop diagnostics tools;
improved initialization & fast start-up ;
power management;
G.adslplus = G.992.5 =
ADSL2+
ADSL2+ is defined as delta to ADSL2
Downstream bandwidth increase
(frequency spectrum up until 2.2 MHz)
At least 16 Mbit/s should be supported (up to 24
Mbit/s)
G.adslplus = on G.992.3
= ADSL2+
READSL= G.992.3 annex L
= Reach Extended DSL
72 | xDSL
READSL =Annex L G.992.3

Reach Extended ADSL2
Targets 192 kbit/s DS 96 kbit/s US on 6km
0.4mm loops
ADSL standards overview
73 | xDSL
Some examples of new annexes: Annex I, J and M

13.3 dBm
upstream
19.9 dBm
downstream
UP
3kHz
138kHz
1,1MHz
13.4 dBm
upstream
276kHz
UP
POTS
3kHz
19.3 dBm
downstream
G.992.3
Annex J
DOWN
1,1MHz
254kHz
UP
G.992.3
Annex M
DOWN
276kHz
74 | xDSL
G.992.3
Annex I
DOWN
1.1 MHz
ADSL2 IMPROVEMENTS
G.992.3
Improvements in areas
After 3 years of field experience

Multi-vendor
Interoperability
Real world: Bridged taps, Crosstalk

& Narrowband Interferers
Adaptation to time
varying line conditions
The green line:

Power savings
All Digital Mode
Monitoring and trouble

resolution tools
ADSL Anywhere:
RU deployment
Enabling applications:
voice, games and video
Enabling implementation
technologies
76 | xDSL
Egress Friendliness
Ease of CPE installation
ADSL2 mayor improvements

Performance: raising the bar
Improved modulation and coding gain
Power management
Improved initialization
Fast start-up
Loop diagnostics
On-Line configuration
All digital mode ADSL
Framing
Improved application support
Home installation
77 | xDSL
Differences in ADSL and ADSL2 datarates

Standard mandatory and upperlimit downstream datarates.
Recommendation
Mandatory downstream datarate
Standard architecture upper limit downstream

datarate
ADSL (G.992.1)
6.144 Mbps
8 Mbps (15Mbps for optional S=1/2)
ADSL2 (G.992.3)
8 Mbps
15 Mbps
Standard mandatory and upperlimit upstream datarates.

Recommendation
Mandatory upstream datarate
Standard architecture upper limit upstream datarate
ADSL (G.992.1)
640 Kbps
1.5 Mbps
ADSL2 (G.992.3)
800 Kbps
1.5 Mbps
78 | xDSL
Performance difference between ADSL and ADSL2

data rate increase of about 50-80 kbps reach increase of 250 Ft 26 AWG loop
3000
Noise condition IC2:
At CO side:
12 Self Xtlk, 12 G992.1
2500
ADSL
and -140dBm/Hz white
noise
bitrate (kbps)
2000
At CPE side:
6 Self Xtlk, 6 G992.1 ADSL
and -140dBm/Hz white
noise
1500
ADSL downstream
ADSL2 downstream
1000
ADSL upstream
ADSL2 upstream
500
0
14
15
16
17
26 AWG loop (Kfeet)
79 | xDSL
18
Performance : raising the bar

Better modulation efficiency by mandatory trellis-coding. Was optional for ADSL (G.992.1).
The 1-bit QAM constellation provide higher data rates on long lines where the SNR is low.
Receiver determined tone reordening is a better defence against AM radio interference.
Spread out non stationary noise due to AM RFI to get better coding gain from Viterbi
decoder
Improved performance by allowing data modulation on the pilot tone.
Mandatory support of
DSL Forum TR-048 for North-America (annex A)
ETSI TS 101 388 V1.3.1 for Europe (annex A&B)
80 | xDSL
Reduced framing overhead/Optimal RS coding gain

In ADSL (G.992.1) the overhead bits per frame are fixed and consume 32Kbps of the
payload data. By a low data rate of 128Kbps (on long lines), this is 25% overhead.
In ADSL2 the overhead bits can be programmed from 4 to 64Kbps. This provides an
additional 28Kbps for payload data.
Through improved flexibility and programmability in the construction of the RS
codewords, ADSL2 achieves higher gain from the RS code when the data rates are low
on long lines.
Support of up to 4 frame bearers and 4 latency paths.
81 | xDSL
Improved Initialization
Receiver gives feedback to the CO.
Pilot tone is allocated by receiver
Arbitrary allocation (by receiver) of carriers used for initialization messages.
Tone blackout (disabling tones) to enable RFI cancellation schemes.
ATU-R chooses configuration
taken into account the constraints given by the CO (improved rate adaptivity
concept).
Receiver and transmitter determine duration of init signals
Power cutback possible at both ends
82 | xDSL
Power Management (Power consumption)

ADSL: always in full-power mode
ADSL2: three power modes:
L0 full power mode: showtime (high data traffic)
L2 low-power mode: keep alive mode (background traffic)
L3 low-power mode: sleep mode (user is off-line)
83 | xDSL
Power Management diagram
Normal operation
keep alive
Sleep
84 | xDSL
Loop Diagnostics Tools to determine field problems

ADSL
trouble-shooting during and after installation and performance

monitoring was a challenging obstacle in the service deployment.
To tackle problem, ADSL2 transceivers are enhanced with extensive diagnostic
capabilities:
Collecting measurements at the beginning of showtime.
This mode is comparable with the existing Alcatel Golden ATU functionality.
In-service (showtime) monitoring capabilities

providing information on line quality and noise conditions at both ends of the
line: signal attenuation, SNR margin, attainable net data rate, SNR in function
of frequency Most of these capabilities are comparable with the existing
Alcatel Golden ATU functionality.
85 | xDSL
Loop Diagnostics Tools to determine field problems

Special non-showtime diagnostic-testing mode
Collecting measurements
even when line quality is too poor to actually get into showtime. This mode can be entered
under operator control.
The following test parameters can be measured and passed to the nearend management
entity:
Channel Characteristics Function H(f) per subcarrier (CCF-ps);
Quiet Line Noise PSD QLN(f) per subcarrier (QLN-ps);
Signal-to-Noise Ratio SNR(f) per subcarrier (SNR-ps);
Line Attenuation (LATN);
Signal Attenuation (SATN);
Signal-to-Noise Margin (SNRM);
Attainable Net Data Rate (ATTNDR);
NearEnd Actual Aggregate Transmit Power (ACTATP);
Far-end Actual Aggregate Transmit Power (ACTATP);
86 | xDSL
On-Line Reconfiguration (OLR)

Reconfiguration without interruption of service and without errors.
Bit Swapping (BS): data rates are kept
Dynamic Rate Repartitioning (DRR):
data rates are repartitioned among different latency paths
Seamless Rate Adaptation (SRA):
total data rate is changed
87 | xDSL
Bit swapping explained (1)
Bits/carrier
A lower SNR also lowers our max QAM

(the number of bits on those carriers)
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Carriers
Affected frequencies
88 | xDSL
Bit swapping explained (2)
Bits/carrier
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
89 | xDSL
Carriers
Seamless Rate Adaptation (SRA) - details

Kbps
ADSL
Kbps
Radio
interference
ADSL2
Radio
interference
Radio
interference
Back to
original rate
Radio
interference
SRA
Reduced rate
forever
time
Modem reset
Initialization of 10 sec
ADSL: re-initialization.
ADSL2: adapting the data rate in real time.
90 | xDSL
Reduced
rate
SRA
time
Fast Start-up
Reduce the initialization time from 10 s to 3 s.
Allow ATUs to quickly enter Showtime:
From a L3 power management state
In case of error during Showtime
Data Rate fine tuning in Showtime.
Seamless Rate Adaptation (SRA) should be implemented
91 | xDSL
All Digital Mode ADSL (no underlying service)

All Digital Loop: extend the upstream bandwidth.
ADSL2 Annex I:
Upstream tones 1-31 instead of 6-31 for ADSL over POTS
e.g. 100 kbps extra upstream
ADSL2 Annex J:
Upstream tones 1-63 instead of 28-63 for ADSL over ISDN
e.g. 750 kbps extra upstream
POTS/
ISDN
UP
UP
92 | xDSL
DOWN
DOWN
Channelization and Voice over DSL

Split the bandwidth into different channels with different link characteristics
for different applications. ADSL2 simultaneous support:
Voice application with low latency but higher BER.
Data application with high latency but low BER.
Channelized Voice-over-DSL (CVoDSL): transport of voice directly over DSL.
No transport of voice into higher layer protocols such as ATM or IP but
directly onto DSL (DMT symbols).
93 | xDSL
Channelized Voice over DSL
Normal VoDSL
94 | xDSL
Bandwidth efficiency comparison
VeDSL = CVoDSL
95 | xDSL
Latency path #0
#n
INTERLEAVER
SCRAMBLER
RS
FEC
Interleaving depth
n= 0 .. 3
P= 0 .. 3
RS Coding Info
Latency path #p
A specific frame bearer is connected to only one latency path

Frame bearer could be any data: ATM, voice,
Every latency path could have different characteristics
96 | xDSL
LATENCY PATH
MULTIPLEXER
#0
MULTIPLEXER
Frame bearers
ADSL2: frame bearers and latency paths
PM
IMA bonding for higher data rates

Higher data rates by bonding two or more copper pairs together
Bonding mechanism: IMA (inverse multiplexing for ATM).
ADSL 1
ATM
ATM IMA
ADSL2
ADSL x
97 | xDSL
Inverse Multiplexing over ATM (IMA)

IMA : ATM stream is transported on a number of lower-rate physical links
IMA control protocol

cells (ICP)
Physical
links
IMA Group
...
...
Single ATM cell stream

from ATM layer
3
TX
98 | xDSL
Original ATM cell stream

to ATM layer
IMA virtual link
RX
Downstream rate for bonding 2 lines
99 | xDSL
ADSL2+
G.992.5
ADSL2+ doubles the frequency spectrum
101 | xDSL
ADSL2+ characteristics
ADSL2+ : downstream frequencies up to 2.2 MHz (512 carriers)
Increased downstream data rates on shorter lines (in Mbps):
distance
ADSL
ADSL2+
remote
0.5 km
14.5
12.0
1.0 km
7.4
13
10.0
2.0 km
6.2
10
7.2
3.0 km
5.5
5.9
3.5
4.0 km
3.0
3.0
1.0
5.0 km
1.0
1.0
ADSL2+
Improved spectral compatibility between CO and remote cabinet
102 | xDSL
ADSL2+ doubles the max. data rate
103 | xDSL
Overview of downstream data rates (ADSL2+ added)

Recommendation
Mandatory
downstream datarate
Standard architecture upper limit

downstream datarate
ADSL (G.992.1)
6.144 Mbps
8 Mbps (15Mbps for optional S=1/2)
ADSL2 (G.992.3)
8 Mbps
15 Mbps
ADSL2+ (G.992.5)
16 Mbps
24,5 Mbps
104 | xDSL
ADSL2+ used to improve spectral compatibility
105 | xDSL
Reach Extended ADSL2 (READSL2)
G.992.3 Annex L
Reach Extended ADSL2 concept
Longer reach achieved by using a higher power level

(PSD)
in a smaller band (same or even less total Tx power)
On long loops (e.g. up to 18 kft 26 AWG)
Increase in reach of 1 to 2 kft (300-600m) (26 AWG, 0.4mm loop)
New ADSL2 PSD mask with reduced crosstalk to existing services.
Leads to a small reach increase on the longest loop of about 0,5 kft
relative to ADSL2, if SHDSL is a dominating upstream killer.
In self-crosstalk the length increases up to 2kft - 600m.
107 | xDSL
READSL2 PSD masks

Mandatory non-overlapped
downstream PSD mask
Upstream PSD mask

number 1
108 | xDSL
Reach Improvement by READSL2

Performance ADSL and READSL
12 self crosstalkers with 140dBm/Hz white noise at CO

side;
6 self crosstalkers with 140dBm/Hz white noise at CPE
side.
2500
bitrate (kbps)
2000
1500
READSL DS
ADSL DS
ADSL US
1000
READSL US
500
0
14
=4,3km
109 | xDSL
15
16
17
=5,2km
Kfeet 26 AWG loop

18
=5,5km
Reach for ADSL vs. READSL2
Service
ADSL
READSL2
800 Kbps DS / 96 Kbps US
16 Kft (4,9 km)
18 Kft (5.5 km)
400 Kbps DS / 96 Kbps US
17 Kft (5,2 km)
> 18 Kft (5.5 km)
110 | xDSL
www.alcatel-lucent.com
111 | xDSL

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7302 ISAM

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POTS modem communication

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POTS vs non-POTS modem communication

Other frequencies used by DSL technologies:

ISDN provides you with a 160 Kbps connection

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

Solutions offered by ADSL

PSTN not suited for

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

unshielded twisted pair (UTP)

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

125 kHz 164 kHz

ADSL uses frequencies on the local line up to 1,1 MHz

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

POTS splitter (PS)

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

Voice / Data over DSL ?

ADSL with derived voice

ADSL suitable for all types of communication (voice and data)

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

The DSL family

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All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

VDSL band plans

Plan B (formerly plan 997) ETSI + ITU - compromise band plan

flexible plan Fx (ITU; under discussion in ETSI)

example band plan for China - optimized for symmetry

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

FTTU deployment scenario

VDSL ( < 300 M )

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

specifies operation above the POTS band

specifies operation for the Japanese ISDN band

specifies operation above the ISDN band

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

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All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

Nyquist bandwidth constraint

For a given bandwidth (W in Hz), the maximum amount of symbols/second

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

Shannon-Hartley capacity theorem

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Shannon-Hartley : Capacity vs. Distance

Attenuation vs. Frequency

Cable cross section = 0,5mm

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007

Attenuation due to distance

UTP cable 0,5 mm2

4 km : Loss of 32dB at 150 kHz

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Speed characteristics vs. distance

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