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Chapter Introduction
Section 1
A Changing World
Section 2
Early Exploration
Section 3
Spain in America
Section 4
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
Chapter Objectives
Section 1: A Changing World
Examine how technology made long sea voyages
possible.
Explore the factors that allowed great civilizations
in Africa to flourish.
Chapter Objectives
Section 2: Early Exploration
Explain Portugals leadership roles in exploration.
Chapter Objectives
Section 3: Spain in America
Evaluate the decline of the Aztec and Inca
Empires in the Americas.
Explore how Spain governed its empire in the
Americas.
Chapter Objectives
Section 4: Exploring North America
Explain how the Protestant Reformation affected
North America.
Evaluate why the activities of early traders
encouraged exploration.
Why It Matters
Although the English have been the major
influence on United States history, they are only
part of the story. Beginning with Native
Americans and continuing through time, people
from many cultures came to the Americas.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
New knowledge and ideas led Europeans to explore
overseas.
Key Terms
classical
Renaissance
technology
astrolabe
caravel
pilgrimage
mosque
Read to Learn
how technology made long sea voyages possible.
how great civilizations flourished in Africa.
Marco Polo
Expanding Horizons
Marco Polos book, Travels, written in 1296
97, described his travels to Asia.
It inspired Columbus and other explorers to
journey to these lands 200 years later.
The cities of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa became
centers of the growing trade in goods such as
spices, silks, perfumes, and precious stones.
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Technologys Impact
Better maps and navigational instruments, such
as the astrolabe and compass, helped
navigators more accurately determine direction
and location.
Larger and sturdier sailing vessels, such as the
caravel, enabled sailors to travel faster and
carry more people, cargo, and food.
These advances enabled sailors to explore new
routes, especially a sea route to Asia.
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African Kingdoms
Three West African kingdoms flourished:
Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.
Ghana was a huge trading empire between
400 and 1100.
Its trade in gold and salt contributed to its
prosperity.
When Ghanas power declined, the empire
saw new states emerge.
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__
B 1. a period of intellectual and artistic A. classical
creativity, c. 13001600
B. Renaissance
__
D 2. an instrument used by sailors to
C. technology
observe positions of the stars
D. astrolabe
__
A 3. relating to ancient Greece
E. caravel
and Rome
__
C 4. the application of scientific
discoveries to practical use
E 5. small, fast ship with a broad bow
__
Reviewing Themes
Culture and Traditions How did the Islamic
religion spread to the early kingdoms of
Africa? What is the name of the holy book of
Islam?
The Islamic religion spread to the early
kingdoms of Africa through trade between
African kingdoms and Arab Muslims in North
Africa. The holy book of Islam is called the
Quran.
Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Why do you think the
Renaissance began in Italy and not in another
part of Europe?
Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Review the map of the
African trading kingdoms on page 41 of your
textbook. Which of the trading kingdoms was
established earliest? In which region of Africa
did the three trading kingdoms develop?
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
In search of trade routes, Portuguese explorers
ushered in an era of overseas exploration.
Key Terms
line of demarcation
strait
circumnavigate
Read to Learn
how Portugal led the way in overseas exploration.
about Columbuss plan for sailing to Asia.
Compass
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__
B 1. a narrow passageway
connecting two larger bodies
of water
A. line of
demarcation
B. strait
__
C 2. to sail around around the world C. circumnavigate
__
A 3. an imaginary line running
down the middle of the
Atlantic Ocean from the North
Pole to the South Pole dividing
the Americas between Spain
and Portugal
Reviewing Themes
Geography and History What nations signed
the Treaty of Tordesillas? What was the purpose
of the line of demarcation? How did the treaty
affect European exploration of the Americas?
Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of
Tordesillas. The line of demarcation determined
control of lands by Spain (all lands west of the
line) and Portugal (all lands east of the line).
Critical Thinking
Making Inferences For years, many history
books have claimed that Columbus discovered
America. Why do you think Native Americans
might disagree with the choice of the word
discovered in this statement? What might be
a better word?
Native Americans lived in the Americas before
Columbus arrived. Better words may include:
claimed, encountered, came upon, or reached.
Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Review the map of
European voyages of exploration on page 48;
then answer the questions that follow. When
did Verrazano make his voyage? For what
country did he sail? How did Cabots route to
the Americas differ from that of Columbus?
Verrazano made his voyage in 1524. He sailed
for France. Cabot traveled father north than
Columbus.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
In the sixteenth century, Spain established and
governed a vast empire in the Americas.
Key Terms
conquistador
tribute
pueblo
mission
presidio
encomienda
plantation
Read to Learn
how the great Aztec and Inca Empires came to an
end.
how Spain governed its empire in the Americas.
Conquistadors armor
Spanish Conquistadors
Conquistadors were explorers who settled in
the Americas.
They received land grants from Spanish rulers
in exchange for one-fifth of gold or treasure
taken from the Americas.
In 1521 Hernn Corts conquered the Aztec
capital of Tenochtitln.
He took their emperor Montezuma prisoner and
gained control of the region.
Francisco Pizarro captured the Inca ruler
Atahualpa in 1532 and later gained control of
(pages 5153)
the Inca Empire.
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Spanish Rule
The Spanish established three kinds of
settlements in the Americas.
- Pueblos or towns were centers of trade.
- Missions were religious communities.
- Presidios were forts and usually built near a
mission.
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__
A 1. Spanish explorer in the
Americas in the 1500s
A. conquistador
__
D 2. religious settlement
C. pueblo
__
B 3. money paid for protection
__
E 4. a large estate run by an owner
or manager and farmed by
laborers who lived there
C 5. home or community of homes
__
built by Native Americans
B. tribute
D. mission
E. plantation
Reviewing Themes
Culture and Traditions What groups made up
the class system in Spanish America?
Critical Thinking
Analyzing Primary Sources One
conquistador explained, We came to serve
God and the king, and also to get rich. In what
way do you think conquistadors planned to
serve God and the king?
The conquistadors planned to serve God
and the king by converting people to
Christianity and claiming land and riches for
the king.
Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Review the map of Spanish
exploration on page 52 of your textbook. What
expedition traveled from Florida to the
Mississippi River? Through what regions did
the Coronado expedition travel?
De Sotos expedition traveled from Florida to
the Mississippi River. The Coronado expedition
traveled through northern Mexico and presentday Arizona and
New Mexico.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Rivalries between countries, the search for a
Northwest Passage to Asia, and early trading
activities led to increased exploration of North
America.
Key Terms
mercantilism
Columbian Exchange
Northwest Passage
coureur de bois
Read to Learn
how the Protestant Reformation affected North
America.
why the activities of early traders encouraged
exploration.
Martin Luther
A Divided Church
Martin Luther brought about changes in Europe
in the 1500s with his opposition to
Catholicism.
His protests began the Protestant Reformation.
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Economic Rivalry
The exploration of the Americas created
rivalries between European countries to
acquire colonies there.
These colonies provided resources and a
market to sell European products.
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__
C 1. water route to Asia through
North America sought by
European explorers
A. mercantilism
__
A 2. the theory that a states or
nations power depended on its
wealth
C. Northwest Passage
__
B 3. exchange of goods, ideas, and
people between Europe and the
Americas
__
D 4. French trapper living among
Native Americans
B. Columbian
Exchange
D. coureur de bois
Reviewing Themes
Global Connections How did French goals in
the Americas differ from the goals of other
European nations?
Critical Thinking
Identifying Central Issues How did the
economic theory of mercantilism influence the
exploration and settlement of North America by
Europeans?
A nations power was based on its wealth, which
was increased by acquiring gold and silver and
developing trade. Overseas territories were seen
as potential sources of wealth.
Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Review the map, French
Explorers, 15351682, on page 61 of your
textbook. Which of the French explorers
traveled farthest south? Along what river did
Marquette and Joliet travel?
La Salle traveled farthest south. Marquette and
Joliet traveled along the Mississippi River.
__
D 1. Spanish explorer in the
Americas in the 1500s
__
B 2. an instrument used by sailors
to observe positions of stars
__
G 3. the theory that a states or
nations power depended on its
wealth
__
A 4. a period of intellectual and
artistic creativity, c. 1300-1600
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Renaissance
astrolabe
caravel
conquistador
mission
presidio
mercantilism
Northwest Passage
__
F 5. Spanish fort in the Americas
built to protect mission
settlements
__
C 6. small, fast ship with a broad
bow
__
H 7. water route to Asia through
North America sought by
European explorers
__
E 8. religious settlement
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Renaissance
astrolabe
caravel
conquistador
mission
presidio
mercantilism
Northwest Passage
Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Why do you think the
Caribbean Islands are often referred to as the
West Indies?
Critical Thinking
Analyzing Information Study the feature on the
Columbian Exchange on page 60 of your
textbook. What foods were shipped to Europe?
writer.
prince.
farmer.
warrior.
Christopher Columbus
The Nia, Pinta, and Santa Mara
Spanish Galleon
In the late 1500s and early
1600s, Spanish galleons carried
gold and silver from the West
Indies to Spain. Thats not all
these ships carried, however.
The threat of pirates prompted
the Spanish galleons to carry
weapons as part of their cargo.
Spanish Galleon
1
mainma
st
1
3
sterncastl
e
5
hol
d
Crow's
nest
ballas
t
forema
st
Spanish Galleon
2
Elaborate living
quarters for the
captain were placed
within the high
sterncastle. The rest
of the crew slept on
the deck.
mainma
st
1
3
sterncastl
e
5
hol
d
Crow's
nest
ballas
t
forema
st
Spanish Galleon
3
mainma
st
1
3
sterncastl
e
5
hol
d
Crow's
nest
ballas
t
forema
st
Spanish Galleon
4
mainma
st
3
2
sterncastl
e
5
hol
d
Crow's
nest
ballas
t
forema
st
Spanish Galleon
5
mainma
st
1
3
sterncastl
e
5
hol
d
Crow's
nest
ballas
t
forema
st
They both have Paradise at the top, Asia below Paradise, Europe to the
left, Africa to the right, and they both include the Mediterranean Sea.
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