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AIR
The solution to
pollution is
dilution.
Konsep-Konsep Penting
Types, sources, and effects of water pollutants
Major pollution problems of surface water
Major pollution problems of groundwater
Reduksi dan Pencegahan Pencemaran Air
Kualitas Air Minum
Air adalah
kehidupan
di Bumi.
Definisi
Impaired Waters
Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act requires states to develop lists of
impaired waters, those that do not meet water quality standards that
states have set for them.
http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/overviewfs.html
factories, industry,
municipal treatment
plants
Contoh-contoh NPS
Imperviousness increases
runoff
Waterfowl
Debris
streamside
and
fuel/oil)
Failing septic
Litter and illegal
vegetation
systems
Sediment
Nutrients
Pathogens
Pesticides
Polutan Penting
Point sources
Nonpoint sources
Water quality
Rural homes
Cropland
Urban streets
Animal feedlot
Suburban
development
POINT
SOURCES
Wastewater
treatment
plant
Factory
Pencemaran Sungai
Kurva Kantong oksigen
Dua Dunia
Developed Countries
U.S. and other developed
countries sharply reduced
point sources even with
population and economic
growth
Nonpoint still a problem
Toxic chemicals still problem
Success Cuyahoga River,
Thames River
Dua Dunia
Developing Countries:
Serious and growing problem
Half of worlds 500 major
rivers heavily polluted
Sewage treatment minimal
$$$
Law enforcement difficult
10% of sewage in China
treated
Economic growth with
little $$$ to clean up
Biomagnifications
of PCBs in an
aquatic food chain
from the Great
Lakes.
Eutrofikasi Danau
Eutrophication: nutrient
enrichment of lakes
mostly from runoff of
plant nutrients (nitrates
and phosphates)
During hot dry weather can
lead to algae blooms
Decrease of photosynthesis
Dying algae then drops DO
levels
Fish kills, bad odor
Pencemaran Danau
Eutrofikasi
Eutrofikasi Danau
Penyelesaian masalah:
Advanced sewage
treatment (N, P)
Household detergents
Soil conservation
Remove excess weed
build up
Pump in oxygen or
freshwater
Groundwater
Groundwater DAPAT
TERKONTAMINASI:
No way to cleanse itself
Little dilution and
dispersion
Out of sight pollution
Prime source for irrigation
and drinking
REMOVAL of pollutant
difficult
Pencemaran Groundwater
Low flow rates Few bacteria
Low oxygen
Cold temperatures
Hazardous waste injection well
Coal strip
mine runoff
Pesticides
De-icing
road salt
Pumping
well
Waste lagoon
Buried gasoline
and solvent tank
Cesspool
septic tank
Gasoline
station
Water pumping
well Landfill
Accidental
spills
aq u
Sewer
ifer
Discharge
ter
a
er
hw
uif
res
Confined aquifer
q
f
a
r
ed
e
n
t
i
a
f
hw
co n
s
n
Groundwater
e
r
U
df
e
flow
n
nfi
Co
Groundwater
Pollution moves in
plumes
Soil, rocks, etc. act like
sponge
Cleansing does not
work (low O, low flow,
cold)
Nondegradables may
be permanent
Pencegahan
lebih efektif
dan murah
Pencemaran Laut
Toleransi pencemaran laut
Coastal zones: How does pollution affect
coastal zones?
What are major sources of ocean
pollution and what is being done?
Tumpahan Minyak
Pencemaran Laut
Oceans can disperse and
break down large
quantities of degradable
pollution if they are not
overloaded.
Pollution worst near heavily
populated coastal zones
Wetlands, estuaries, coral
reefs, mangrove swamps
40% of worlds pop. Live
within 62 miles of coast
Mangrove Swamp
Estuaries
Pencemaran Laut
Large amounts of
untreated raw sewage
(viruses)
Leaking septic tanks
Runoff
Algae blooms from
nutrients
Dead zones NO DO
Airborne toxins
Oil spills
Pencemaran Laut
Preventing and
reducing the
flow of pollution
from land and
from streams
emptying into
the ocean is key
to protecting
oceans
TUMPAHAN MINYAK
Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage
tanks
Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation
and buoyancy, smothering
Significant economic impacts
Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters
Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing
agents
Nonpoint Sources
Point Sources
Reduce runoff
Clean Water Act
Buffer zone
Water Quality Act
vegetation
Reduce soil erosion
Only apply pesticides and fertilizers as needed
Reduksi Runoff
Combined sewer
overflow is a
problem in many
older towns
EPA: 1.8 M to
3.85 M sick from
swimming in
water
contaminated by
sewer overflows
EPA: $100 billion
to fix
Berita Baik
Largely thanks to CWA:
Between 1972 2002
fishable and swimmable
streams 36% to 60%
74% served by sewage
treatment
Wetlands loss dropped by
80%
Topsoil losses dropped by
1 billion tons annually
Khabar Buruk
45% of Lakes, 40% streams
still not fishable and
swimmable
Nonpoint sources still huge
problem
Livestock and Ag. Runoff
Ikan dengan Racun
Solusi
Pencemaran Air
Bottle Water
U.S. has the worlds
safest tap water due to
billions of $$$ of
investment
Bottle water 240 to
10,000 times more
expensive than tap
water
25% of bottle water is tap
water
Air Botolan
1.4 million metric tons of
bottle thrown away each
year
Toxic fumes released during
bottling
Bottles made from oil based
plastics
Water does not need to meet
SDWA