Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Dr Zhu Liu
Corrosion and Protection Centre
School of Materials
The University of Manchester
Contents
Lasers
Interaction of laser beam with materials
Laser surface engineering
Application examples
Laser Principles
What is a laser?
LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation
Lasant
CO2
Gas:
CO2, N2
and He
10.6 m
Solid:
Nd:
YAG
Excimer
Diode
Wavelengt
h
Operating
mode
Power
Wall plug
efficiency
CW
Pulsed
Up to
50 kW
1.06 m
Pulsed
CW
Up to
8 kW
2 3%
Gas:
ArF
KrF
XeCl
193 nm
248 nm
308 nm
Pulsed
Up to
1 kW
2%
Semicon
-ductor
810 nm
940 nm
CW
4 kW
25%
12 15%
d min
Lens
f
Focus
Defocus
f
2.44
D
D: beam diameter
: laser radiation wavelength
f: focal length
For example: a CO2 laser beam
(=10.6 m), D=38 mm, f=150 mm
dmin = 102 m
Photo-thermal process
Laser wavelength: infrared or far-infrared
Materials: metals, ceramics, glass
Absorption: Interaction between the photons and electrons
Heating
Melting
Boiling
Plasma forming
Photo-chemical Process
Laser wavelength: short wavelength - UV range
Wavelength [1]
Temperature [3]
Shock
hardening
Vaporisation
Log(power density)
10
Glazing
Melting processes
Laser melting
Melting
Laser alloying
Cladding
Alloying
Surface melting
Heating
Laser cladding
Transformation
hardening
10-6
Non-melting processes
Laser transformation hardening
Laser annealing
Laser shock peening
Cleaning
104
10-8
10-4
10-2
100
Processing Schematics
Beam guidance
LASER
Lens
Workpiece
CNC table
v
Scanning
direction
Temperature
Characteristics of LSE
Cooling rate: 104 1011 K/s
Time
Substrate
Traverse direction
Temperature, K
1800
Ac3
1000
Ac1
200
Time
Hardness
Overlapping effect
Selective hardening
Better fatigue properties
Self-quenching
Less thermal distortion than others
Suitable for complex geometry
No post-treatment required
Limitations:
High capital cost and low efficiency for large area treatment
17
Laser hardening of
saw tooth
Laser hardening of
a steel bottle-opener
Solidification microstructure
Dendritic structure
Cooling rate controls microstructural#
size; the faster the cooling rate, the finer
the microstructure is.
Thin-film melting:
Melt depth: 1 20 m
Pre-treatment
Anodising of
aluminium alloys
Surface protection
Wear
Corrosion
Other properties
Post-treatment
Weld-decay
HVOF coatings
depleted regions.
* Importance: laser welding of stainless steels does not introduce weld decay
Materials
AA 2014-T6 Al2Cu
CO2 laser-melted
AA 2024-T3
Cu in -Al
solution
after LSM
CO2 LSM
Al2Cu
Al2CuMg
Al2CuMg,
Al2Cu
Improvement?
As-received
Laser-melted
AA 2014-T6
-730
-560
AA 2024-T351
-640
-680
Why?
Potential
Al2Cu (2014)
Increase of Cu
- Al solution
Al2CuMg (2024)
T351 alloy
Thinking of how we can completely eliminate second phases
Cooling rate determined by type of lasers
Excimer laser: UV wavelength, ns pulse width
Expected:
Higher cooling rate
Elimination of 2nd phase particles
No-precipitation after solidification
behavior
2. Significant reduction of passive current
density (Ipass);
3. The higher the number of laser pulses, the
lower the Ipass.
Electrochemical potentials
As-received
Excimer LSM
Excimer LSM
Anodising
Problems (due to the presence of 2nd phase particles)
1. Defects within the
anodised layer, affecting
corrosion performance
2. Reduction of anodising
efficiency
Improvement:
1. Elimination of defects
2. Increasing anodising
efficiency
Ecorr
(V)
Epit
(V)
Passive
current
density
(A/cm2)
As-received
-0.70
-0.51
0.1E-5
Asreceived
-0.76
-0.61
0.2E-7
10-pulses
-0.74
-0.60
0.8E-9
25-pulses
-0.60
-0.37
0.3E-9
50-pulses
-0.56
-0.31
0.2E-9
Anodising
Immersion test
Corrosion resistance
Wear resistance
Reference 10
Reference 10
alloying Zn into Cu
Ni alloyed
Ti foil
Material
Weight loss,
gm-2d-1
Ti foil
45.1 + 0.50
Ni alloyed
0.62 + 0.02
Pd alloyed
0.42 + 0.01
Pd alloyed
http://www.opticsjournal.net/OEPNNews.htm?id=PT111108000072z6C9E
Laser Cladding
Dilution (Dl): percentage of clad
contamination by substrate
materials.
A2
A1
HAZ
A2
Dl
A1 A2
Bonding strength
Fusion bond
No spallation
Coating microstructure
No porosity
No cracks
Fine microstructure
Homogeneous elemental distribution (less segregation)
Process
High process stability
Robust, easily automated process
High reliability in production
Surface protection
against:
Damaged parts
Wear
Corrosion
Thermal
Worn
Corroded
Mechanicallydamaged
To salvage the parts
Manufacturing 3-D
components
Laser Cladding
1) Cladding of high performance materials onto low cost
substrates
Example 1: Laser cladding of 50Nb-50Ti alloy on the tip of
airfoils (Ti-6A1-4V alloy) - excellent oxidation resistance at
1000C in air;
Example 2: Laser cladding for extending the solid solubility
limits of rare-earth additions (e.g. yttrium, rhenium hafnium and
cerium) in nickel-based superalloys to improve their resistance
to oxidation at elevated temperatures.
Example 3: Laser cladding of Al, or Al alloys on Mg for
significantly enhances the corrosion resistance, along with wear
resistance.
Restoration of
damaged blisks
3. Laser Cladding
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yrg86Gqmdc8&NR=1
Defects-free
Metallurgical bond
Higher processing
efficiency
Shot Peening
A method of cold working metals in which
Laser
pulse
Plasma
Protective
coating
Target
Shock wave
Water
Mechanism:
components
Applications
Improvement in
resistance to stress
corrosion-cracking,
Improvement in fatigue
properties: Aircraft
construction: fastener holes;
aircraft gas turbine components
electrodeposition)
Localised treatment with less HAZ than diffusion technique
No vacuum required (cf. electron beam, PVD, CVD)
No fundamental restriction on component shape
Novel, superior microstructure, such as microcrystalline or
amorphous)
Possibility of limited areas to be treated
Chemical cleanliness
Remote, non-contact, easy to automate
Low efficiency
Localised treatment with minimum
HAZ
Economic considerations
High capital investment
Case-by-case consideration
In terms of:
Thermal PVD
Laser PVD
Laser/Sol-gel Technique
TiO2 Structure and Applications
500-600C
Rutile
Anatase
3.0eV
3.32eV
Photo-catalysis in TiO2
During UV excitation*
hv E
Oxygen in Air
Surface recombination
e O2 hv O2 (ad )
3.2e
V
O (ad ) H HO (ad )
Water/Moisture in Air
h H 2O hv HO (ad ) H
Ox. ()
+
+
TiO2
Red. ()
TiO2 + h e + h+
+ +
Volume recombination
Red. (O2)
Ox. (H2O)
h O2 (ad ) 2 O(ad )
h OH OH
Ag+2
- - -
Ag+2
+ +
TiO2
+ +
Noble metals are inert, can sustain for longer time, Au,
Experimental Procedure
Stage 1: Preparation of TiO2 sol-gel coatings on glass
Stage 2: Adsorption of Ag ions
Stage 3: Excimer laser processing of coatings
Mask - raw beam
XY table
Fluence, mJ/cm2
Repetition rate,
Number of pulses
85-100
Hz
15
50-200
Film
Structure
As-dried
amorphous
Mainly Anatase,
+ minor Rutile
Ag-TiO2 (Laser)
Only Anatase
Surface Morphology
Laser treatment
Ag Nps
Mesoporous,
rough surface
with Ag NPs
uniformly
distributing
on the
surface.
Furnace treatment
Anatase TiO2 matrix
Smooth, and pore-free after furnace sintering at 700C for 1 hr and immersion
in Ag ions, and adsorbed Ag ions being irradiated by UV lamp for 4-5 hrs.
FCC Ag
After Laser
Anatase
Hexagonal Ag
Hexagonal and cubic Ag NPs were generated after laser irradiation.
Nanocrystallised depth is 150 nm out of 350 nm in total thickness.
UV-Visible Spectroscopy
Photo-absorption studies
Ag-TiO2 (Laser)
Ag-TiO2 (Furnace)
Ag-TiO2 (as-dried)
Laser-treated surface exhibits a red-shift and a strong absorption peak at 518 nm,
Normal Light
Dark Room
Conclusions
Excimer laser irradiation has two functions of 1) nanocrystallisation; and 2) reduction of Ag ions, being one-step
process of generating Ag-TiO2 films.
References
1.
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