1-1basic Principle of PV (Day1)

e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1. Solar Photovoltaic Theory
1-1. Basic principles of PV

1-1.Basic principle of PV
Contents
1-1. Basic principles of PV

1-1-1. Mechanism of generation
1-1-2. Various type of PV cell
1-1-3. Installation example
1-1-4. Basic characteristic
1-1-5. Case sturdy
Mechanism of generation
The solar cell is composed of a P-type semiconductor and an N-type
semiconductor. Solar light hitting the cell produces two types of electrons,
negatively and positively charged electrons in the semiconductors.
Negatively charged (-) electrons gather around the N-type semiconductor
while positively charged (+) electrons gather around the P-type
semiconductor. When you connect loads such as a light bulb, electric
current flows between the two electrodes.
Electrode
Reflect-Proof Film
Solar Energy
N-Type Semiconductor
+
+
+
Photo Voltaic cell
P-Type Semiconductor
Load
Electrode
Electric Current



Direction of current inside PV cell
Inside current of PV cell looks like
Reverse direction. Why?
By Solar Energy, current is pumped

up from N-pole to P-pole.
In generation, current appears
reverse. It is the same as for battery.
N
P
Current appears
to be in the
reverse direction ?
Looks like
reverse
Voltage and Current of PV cell ( I-V Curve )

P
A
(A)
Short Circuit
High insolation
Current(I)


Voltage
Voltageon
onnormal
normaloperation
operationpoint
point
0.5V
0.5V(in
(incase
caseof
ofSilicon
SiliconPV)
PV)
Current
Currentdepend
dependon
on
--Intensity
Intensityof
ofinsolation
insolation
--Size
Sizeof
ofcell
cell
Normal operation point
(Maximum Power point)
P
Low insolation
IxV=W
(V)
Voltage(V)
about 0.5V
(Silicon)
Open Circuit
Typical I-V Curve

(A)
5.55A
Depend on cell-size
Standard in
solation 1.0
kWh/m2
Depend on
Solar insolation
4.95A
Depend on
type of cell or
cell-material
( Si = 0.5V )
Current(I)

(V)
Voltage(V)
0.49 V 0.62 V


Types and Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cell
Conversion Efficiency
of Module
Crystalline
Silicon
Semiconductor
Single crystal
10 - 17%
Poly crystalline
10 - 13%
Non-crystalline
Solar
Cell
Compound
Semiconductor
Organic
Semiconductor
Amorphous
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
7 - 10%
18 - 30%
Dye-sensitized Type
7 - 8%
Organic Thin Layer Type
2 - 3%
Electric Energy Output

x 100%
Conversion Efficiency =
Energy of Insolation on cell


Crystal cell (Single crystal and Poly crystalline Silicon)
Single crystal
Formed by melting high purity

silicon like as Integrated Circuit
Poly crystalline
For mass production, cell is sliced

from roughly crystallized ingot.


Surface of PV cell
Example of Poly Crystalline PV
Aluminum Electrode
(Silver colored wire)
To avoid shading,
electrode is very fine.
Anti reflection film

(Blue colored film)
Front Surface
(N-Type side)
Back surface is Ptype.
All back surface is
aluminum electrode
with full reflection.


PV Module (Single crystal, Poly crystalline Silicon)
Single crystal
Poly crystalline
128W
120W
(26.5V ,
4.8A)
(25.7V ,
4.7A)
1200mm
1200mm
3.93ft
(3.93ft)
800mm 2.62ft
Efficiency is higher
Same size
800mm (2.62ft)
Efficiency is lower


Hierarchy of PV
Cell
Volt
Ampere
Watt
Size
0.5V
5-6A
2-3W
about 10cm
5-6A
100-200W about 1m
Module 20-30V
Array
200-300V 50A-200A 10-50kW
about 30m
Array
10 - 50 kW
Module,Panel
100 - 200 W
Cell
23W
6x9=54 (cells)
100-300 (modules)
Roughly size of PV Power Station.

How much PV can we install in this conference room?
m22
11kw
kwPV
PVneed
need 10
10 m
Please
remember
(108 feet2)
20m(66feet)

Conference
Room
(We are now)
Our room has about 200 m2

(2,178 feet2)
We can install about

20 kW PV in this room
10m(33feet)


Roof top of residence ( Grid connected )
Owner can sell excess
power to power utility.
Most popular installation

style in Japan.
(Almost 85% PV in Japan )


Roof top of school ,community-center building.
(For education and emergency power)


Distant and independent power supply ( Off grid )
Advertising sign beside highway

Relay station on top of mountain


Mountain lodge ( Off grid )
Inverter and controller
1.2kW system


Stationary power station (Grid connected )
e8 & PPA project in Tuvalu

30kW array
Site:
Installation:
Capacity:
Purpose:
10kW array
Funafuti Tuvalu
Feb. in 2008
40kW
Grid connected power supply for fuel conservation
and CO2 reduction.

Stationary power station (Off grid or mini grid )
Site:
Mongolia
Installation: May & June in 1999

Purpose:
For lighting, refrigerator
and outlet in a hospital.
Solar cell capacity:

3.4kW
Wind Power capacity: 1.8kW
Inverter capacity:
5kVA


Solar Home System (SHS)
Solar array
Solar array
Solar array
Controller
Light
Solar array
Storage battery
1-1-4. Basic Characteristic

I / V curve and P-Max control
A
V
(A)
Ipmax
Current(I)
P1
I/V curve
To obtain maximum power, current

control (or voltage control) is very
important.
Power conditioner (mentioned

later) will adjusts to be most suitable
PMAX voltage and current automatically.
PP-Max
Maxcontrol
control
Power curve
IxV=W
P2
(V)
Voltage(V)
Vpmax

Estimate obtained power by I / V curve
A
R 0.05()
(A)
Then power is 10x0.5=5 W
12
PV character
( I/V curve )
10
Current(I)
If the load has 0.05 ohm resistance,

cross point of resistance character and
PV-Character will be following point.
8
6
ta
s
i
s
Re
4
2
0
0
0.1
0.2
R 0.05()
r
e
t
ac
r
ha
c
e
nc
Ohms theory
V
I
R
I V / 0.05
0.3
0.4
Voltage(V)
0.5
0.6
(V)
I / V curve vs. Insolation intensity

Current is affected largely by change
of insolation intensity.
P
5A
Partially shaded serial cell will

produce current mismatch.
(A)
N
P
Bypass Diode
Mismatch
1A
High intensity insolation
N
5A
Current(I)

P
Low intensity insolation
5A
1A
Bypass
Diode
N
P
IxV=W
1A
(V)
4A

Temperature and efficiency
When module temperature rises up, efficiency decreases.
The module must be cooled by natural ventilation, etc.
14
2%
down
Efficiency (%)
12
Crystalline cell
0.4
0.5 (
10
%/de
g
Amorphous cell
0.25 (%/deg)
8
6
Typical
(25C)
4
0
10
20 30 40 50 60 70
Module Temperature (deg.C)
Summer time
on roof top
(65C)
80
90 100
1-1-5. Case sturdy

1.Maximum power control
Q : Calculate how much power you can get by following three
resistance. ( I / V curve is next page)
P
R 0.02()
N
P
R 0.05()
N
P
R 0.10()
N
V
I
R
1.Maximum power control

(A)
I/V curve of current insolation.
12
10
Current(I)

1-1-5. Case sturdy
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Voltage(V)
0.5
0.6
(V)

1-1-5. Case sturdy

2.Temperature vs. Efficiency
Q: There is 50 kW Crystalline PV system.
If surface temperature rises from 25C to 65C, How much
the capacity will be?
14
12
10
8
6
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100

1-1basic Principle of PV (Day1)

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

1-1basic Principle of PV (Day1)

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1. Solar Photovoltaic Theory

1-1. Basic principles of PV

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1. Basic principles of PV

Photo Voltaic cell

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-1. Mechanism of generation

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-1. Mechanism of generation

By Solar Energy, current is pumped

Voltage and Current of PV cell ( I-V Curve )

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-1. Mechanism of generation

Typical I-V Curve

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-1. Mechanism of generation

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)

Organic Thin Layer Type

Electric Energy Output

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

Formed by melting high purity

For mass production, cell is sliced

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

Anti reflection film

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

200-300V 50A-200A 10-50kW

Roughly size of PV Power Station.

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-2. Various type of PV cell

Our room has about 200 m2

We can install about

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-3. Installation example

Most popular installation

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-3. Installation example

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-3. Installation example

Advertising sign beside highway

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-3. Installation example

Inverter and controller

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-3. Installation example

e8 & PPA project in Tuvalu

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-3. Installation example

Installation: May & June in 1999

For lighting, refrigerator

e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M

and outlet in a hospital.

Solar cell capacity:

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1-1-3. Installation example