CHAPTER

7
GENETICS
(Part 2)

BIO095 (2013/2014)

CONTENT
DNA Replication

1.
i.

Models of DNA Replication

ii.

DNA Replication Process

2.

Genetic code and its features

3.

Protein synthesis: Transcription and Translation

i.

Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

ii.

Translation Initiation, Elongation and Termination

steps.

BIO095 (2013/2014)

CONTENT
4.

Gene Regulation and expression

5.

Mendelian genetics
i.

Monohybrid inheritance

ii.

Dihybrid inheritance

iii.

Extension of Mendelian Genetics

PART
2

Population Genetics

6.
i.

Gene population

ii.

Hardy-Weinbergs Principle

iii.

Factor that change the frequency in population

BIO095 (2013/2014)

(1) LEARNING OBJECTIVES

i.

Explain about the DNA replication process.

ii.

Summarize how DNA replicates (semiconservative) by citing the

Meselson and Stahls experiment.

iii.

Outline the flow of genetic information process in cells, from

DNA RNA Proteins via looking at the transcription and
translation process.

BIO095 (2013/2014)

(2) LEARNING OBJECTIVES

iv.

Explain the concept of operon and gene regulation.

v.

Describe the components of lac operon and their functions in E.

coli.

vi.

Describe the mechanism of the operon in the absence and

presence of lactose.

BIO095 (2013/2014)

(3) LEARNING OBJECTIVES

vii.

Define important terms in genetics.

viii.

Describe Mendel Principles of Segregation and Independent

Assortment.

ix.

Explain population genetics, gene pool, allele frequencies and

genetic equilibrium.

x.

State and explain five assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Law fro

genetic equilibrium.

xi.

Calculate allele and genotype frequencies.

BIO095 (2013/2014)

The Concept of Operon and

Gene Regulation

Operon model describes the mechanism

for the control of gene expression in
bacteria

Some of the bacterial genes will be

expressed only when it is necessary.

The operon model was proposed by Jacob

and Monod (in 1961) on E. coli

BIO095 (2013/2014)

The Jacob and Monod hypothesis of

gene control
Protein synthesis is

regulated by operon
system
Involved operon

which consists of :
i. Promoter
ii Operator
iii Structural genes

BIO095 (2013/2014)

The Jacob and Monod hypothesis of gene

control

Operon is controlled

by regulator gene

The Components Of Lac

Operon And Its Function In
E.Coli

i.

Regulator gene (R) / Lac I contain genetic

information for the synthesis of repressor protein

ii. Promoter (P) site for the attachment of

RNA polymerase which is needed to start

iii. Operator (O) site for the attachment

of the
repressor protein

iv. Structural genes (S) One to several

genes determining the amino acids sequence of
the protein

3 structural genes :
Structural genes Enzyme
produced
Lac Z (S1)

-galactosidase

Function
hydrolyze
lactose
to glucose
&
galactose

Lac Y (S2)

Lactose
permease

Facilitate
the
uptake of lactose
into the cell

Lac A (S3)

transacetylase

Function unknown

BIO095 (2013/2014)

v. Operon
A group of structural genes and
regulating genes that function as a unit.
(Operon =

The Mechanism Of The Operon In

The Absence And Presence Of
Lactose

i. Lactose (inducer) present

The lac operon (lactose present)

Lactose enter E.coli and converted to Allolactose, an

isomer of lactose,
Allolactose binds to the repressor protein which is
produced by regulator gene

The lac operon (lactose present)

The repressor protein changes shape

and it cannot bind to the operator
The operon is activated.

The lac operon (lactose present)

RNA polymerase binds to promoter.

Transcription of structural genes takes place to form
mRNA

 The translation of mRNA occur.

The enzymes -galactosidase , permease and
transacetylase are produced
Lactose is hydrolysed into galactose and glucose

ii. Lactose (Inducer) absent

The lac operon (lactose absent)

If the lactose (inducer) is absent, the repressor

attaches itself to the operator & blocked part of
promoter

The lac operon (lactose absent)

RNA polymerase cannot bind to the promoter

The operon is not active- Transcription is blocked by
repressor-operator complex

BIO095 (2013/2014)

The lac operon (lactose absent)

No transcription occur & the 3 structural

enzymes cannot be synthesized

The end of Part 2!!