Protocordata

Presenters;
Yanuarsaputra(130210103001)
IndahSuciati(130210103051)
SilviAnggraeni(130210103058)

Phylum-Chordata

Subphyla

Protochordata( Acrania)

hemichordata
1) Enteropneusta
2) Pterobranchia
3) Graptolites

Urochordata
1) Larvaceae
2) Ascidiacea
3) Thaliacea

Subphyla
Vertebrata (Craniata)

Cephalochordata

Phylum chordata
Phyla chordates is part of the kingdom animalia
characterized having notochorda as the axis of the
body . Notochorda is a a stem structure that serves to
propping the body when it has formed perfectly and
help the movement of

Protochordata
The name Protochordates literally means 'the first chordates.
Protochordates a heterogeneous group of animals of phylum
Chordata, related to the vertebrates, which they resemble in
possessing gill slits, noto-chord, and dorsal hollow nerve
cord, or at least traces of these. Protochordates are marine
animals
`

Why are the protochordates so primitive

Chordates showing primitive features are collectively grouped
as protochordates.
Have a notochord, which is an elongate, stiff, fleshy structure
running down the length of the body, giving structure to the body,
enough so that muscles can fire down the body enechelon to form
the familiar "wiggly" swimming motion of fish.

 The notochord is modified into the vertebral column in vertebrate

chordates
The nervous system is of a primitive nature, lying beneath the
body wall. Including a dorsal (toward the top of the body) nerve
cord, which is known as the spinal cord.
Formed in the embryo by an invagination of surface ectoderm
whose original function was probably sensory reception.

Why are protochordates not classified as true

Chordata
Like the remaining subphylum of the chordates, the Vertebrata, the
protochordates have a hollow dorsal nerve cord, gill slits, and a stiff
supporting rod, the notochord, the forerunner of the backbone. The
protochordates differ chiefly from the vertebrates in not having a
backbone.

General characteristics of protochordata

Exclusively marine.
Relatively small sized animals
Cranium or brain box, jaws, vertebral column and paired appendages are
absent.
Dorsal tubular nerve cord, gill slits and notochord are usually present.
Sexes may be separate or united.
Solitary, colonial, free living, pelagic, burrowing or tube like living forms

1. Hemichordata
The name Hemichordata refers to the presence of a short
notochord, reduced to half the size (hemi half; chorde
cord). This structure is present in the anterior region of the
animal, the proboscis. They include two groups;
1. Enteropneusta
2. Pterobranchia
3. Graptolites

Hemichordata

General Characteristics of hemichordates

Exclusively marine and soft-bodied forms
Body is divisible into proboscis, collar and trunk
Notochord occurs only in the anterior end of the body.
Numerous paired gill slits are present.

 Nervous tissues lie embedded in the epidermis and occur

both on the dorsal and ventral surfaces.
Coelom is divided into three regions namely protocoel,
mesocoel and metacoel.
Fertilization is external.

Class I- Enteropneusta
Solitary and burrowing worm-like marine forms commonly known as
acorn or tongue worms.
vegetation; filter-feeders
They have well-developed gill slits
Epidermis is ciliated and glandular.
Alimentary canal is straight with a terminal anus.
Two rows of caecae are present in the middle of the trunk.
They have a dorsal strand of nerve cells

Examples of Enteropneusta
Acorn
Worm

Class II- Pterobranchia

Sedentary, solitary or colonial and marine forms.

Bears a ciliated tentacles to produce a Ciliary feeding currents of water.

One pair of gill slits or none.

There is no trace of dorsal nerve cord or notochord

Alimentary canal is U-shape with dorsal anus situated near the mouth.

Gonads are few in numbers.

Reproduction by budding.

Rhapdopleura sp.

2. Urochordata
Urochordata is the term used to refer to the presence of a

notochord in the tail region, (uro=a tail; chorde=cord).

The notochord is restricted to the tail region of the larval

forms of urochordates and is absent in the adults.

Tunicata is the other name of this subphylum Urochordata,

due to the presence of an outer leathery covering called tunic

or test in the adult (tunica outer covering).

General characteristics of Urochordata

Exclusively marine and commonly known as sea squirts.
Solitary or colonial
Body is covered by a cuticular tunics or test in adult stage.
Notochord is present in larval stages and absent in adults.
Dorsal tubular nerve cord is present in the larval forms while
degenerates in the form of small ganglion in adults.

A numerous gill slits are present.

Sexes are united that is hermaphrodite.
Heart is ventral, simple and tubular.

Class I- larvacea
Free swimming pelagic forms
Neotenic forms which retain the larval form throughout adult
life.
Posterior part of the body takes the form of a large locomotory
appendage, the tail.
Single pair of gill slits are present

Anus opens ventrally on the surface of the body

Hermaphrodite
No metamorphosis.

Examples of Urochordata

Oikopleura

Class II- Ascidiacea

Fixed or free swimming marine forms
Simple or compound, solitary or colonial.
Locomotory appendage or tail are absent in adults
No traces of notochord
Branchial sac is large and well developed with its walls
perforated by numerous gill slits.
Reproduction is both asexual and sexual

Ascidia

Herdmania momus

Class III appendicularia

his life in the pelagic, and swim freely
having two slits gills
his body gelatin containing
not having the atrium
the tail is not reduce her adult in phase

Ciona

Ciona intestinalis

Class IV- Thaliacea

Free swimming pelagic forms.
Solitary or colonial
Musculature of the body wall is in the form of circular bands.
Branchial sac has either two large or many small gill slits.
Tail and notochord are absent in adult.
Life history exhibits an alternation of generations.

Doliolum Pyrosoma atlanticum

Cephalochordata
The term Cephalochordata refers to the notochord that
extends the entire length of the body up to the head region
(cephalon head; chorde cord).
The notochord lies on the mid dorsal region just above the
alimentary canal and below the nerve cord.

General characteristics
Exclusively marine and solitary forms
Notochord and nerve cord extend the entire length of the body.

Notochord, nerve cord and pharyngeal gill slits remain

throughout life of the animal.

Limbs or paired fins are absent.
Mouth is ventral and anterior, while anus is ventral and posterior.

No distinct head but tail present; mouth surrounded by

tentacles
Exoskeleton, head, brain, auditory organs and jaws are
absent.
Sexes are separate

Branchiostoma
lanceolatum