EAST WEST INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF CONCRETE
CYLINDRICAL SHELL ROOF
By, GURURAJA B
II SEMESTER , M TECH
STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING

PLAN AREA CROPPED

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. THEORY OF SHELLS
3. CLASSIFICATION
4. SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE
5. DIMENSIONS
6. EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS
7. STRAIN DISPLACEMENT EQUATIONS
8. STRESS- STRAIN RELATIONS
9. FORCE- DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
10. DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
11. RECOMMENDATIONS OF IS 2210:1988
12. ASCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS
13. MEMBRANE FORCES
14. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
15. MEMBRANE ANALYSIS
16. BENDING ANALYSIS
17. RESULTANT STRESSES
18. STATIC CHECKS
19. DESIGN AND DETAILING
20. DRAWBACKS OF METHOD
21. CONCLUSION.
22. APPENDIX
23. REFERENCES

THEORY OF SHELLS
Thin shell: Curved structure in space in which
the thickness is small compared to the radius and
other dimensions.
Generatrix, Directrix: A curve which moves
parallel to itself over another stationary curve to
generate a surface is called generatrix and the
stationary curve the directrix.
Gauss curvature: Product of two principal radii
of curvature at any point on the surface of the
shell.

 Synclastic surface: A surface for which gauss

curvature is positive.
Developable surface: A surface for which
gauss curvature is zero.
Anticlastic surface: A surface for which gauss
curvature is negative.
Traverse : Structures provided to support the
shell & preserve the geometry of the structure.

CLASSIFICATION OF SHELLS
Based on thickness
1. Thick shells d/R > 1/20
2. Thin shells d/R < 1/20
Based on Gaussian Curvature
3. Synclastic
4. Anticlastic
Based on generatrix
5. Shells of Translation
6. Shells of revolution

Cylindrical shells:
These are formed by a straight line generator
moving along a specified directrix. The common
types of cylindrical shells are the following with
straight line generators :
Circular cylindrical shells-Circular arc directrix
Catenary cylindrical shells-Catenary directrix
Parabolic cylindrical shells-Parabola directrix
Elliptic cylindrical shells-Semi ellipse

THEORIES OF CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

Flugges theory
Gibsons theory
DKJs theory
Dischingers theory
Aas Jakobsons theory
Holands theory
Vlassovs theory
Lundgrens theory
ASCE manual method
Finsterwalder s theory
Schorers theory

SCOPE/ OBJECTIVE
The study presents the introduction to ASCE method of
design and analysis of shells according to manual 31.
The study is initiated by a practical case study and
design to cover a open theatre of a collage campus of
area approaximately 25 x 14 m 0n plan.
Objective is to present the accuracy of the method and
applicability limitations to practical design solution.
This paper also considers the criteria of IS 2210: 1988.
And the main objective is to present an introduction to
elastic design and analysis of RC structures.

MEMBRANE STRESS

MEMBRANE FORCES & MOMENTS

Equilibrium Equations
(Tx/ x)+(1/R)(S/ )+X = 0
(1/R)*(T/ )+ (S/ x) (1/ R)*(Mx/ x)+
Y =0
(2Mx/ x2)+(1/R2)*(2Mx/ 2)+ (1/R)*(2Mx/
x )+ (1/R)*(2Mx/ x )+(T/R)+ Z = 0
(Mx /R)+(Tx- Tx) = 0

STRESS STRAIN RELATIONS

x = 1/Eh(Nx - Ny)
y = 1/Eh(Ny -Nx)
xy = Nxy/Gh
E= Young's modulus
= Poison's ratio
G = Shear modulus
h = Thickness of shell.

STRAIN DISPLACEMENT
RELATIONSHIP

Strains in middle surface can be found by knowing

displacements in each co-ordinate direction.
x = (1/A)*(u/x) + (v/AB)* (A/y) + (w/R1)
Y = (1/B)*(v/y) + (u/AB)* (B/y) + (w/R2)
xy = (1/A)*(v/x) + (1/B)*(u/y)
(u/AB)*(A/y) (v/AB)*(B/x)

FORCE DISPLACEMENT
RELATIONSHIPS

ASCE METHOD
It makes use of the tables to find out resultant
stresses of manual no 31.
1. Determinate stresses analysis on shells
Membrane forces determination.
2. Indeterminate analysis to suit practical
boundary conditions of shell.
Bending/Correction analysis.

GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS
1.Stress in Z direction z is considered negligible
2. Points on line normal to middle surface before
deformation remain on line normal to the middle
surface even after deformation.
3. All displacements are small , hence change in
geometry of shell will not affect the static
equilibrium of shell.
4. material is homogeneous, isotropic and linear
elastic.
5. All the stress along the thickness is constant.

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
FOR CONSIDERED SHELL
Cylindrical simply supported shell without edge
beam.
Hence
At x = 0 and x = L, Tx = 0, T = 0
At x = L/2 , S = 0
Shear along the longitudinal edges are 0.

Geometric properties of RC Shell

DESCRIPTION

VALUES

35 DEGREEE

17 m

24.41 m

0.10 m

CONCRETE MIX AND STEEL

GRADE

M 25 AND Fe 415

DEAD LOAD

3.704 KN/sqmtrs

FINISHES

0.47 KN/sqmtrs

TOTAL LOAD

4.174 KN/sqmtrs

YOUNGS MODULUS (E)

25 X 10^6 KN/sqmtrs

POISSONS RATIO ()

0.20

PARAMETER SELECTION FACTORS

SHELL TYPE : r/L
RADIUS r : should not lie in working platform
THICKNESS : min according to ASCE & IS
2210
CHORD WIDTH : based on plan area and type
of shell
DIRECTRIX : based on crown , central height
requirement
SPAN : based on orientation and type of shell.

SHELL DIMENSIONS
Chord width B = 28 m
Radius r =24.41 m
Directrix = circular
Rise h = 4.42 m
Height of crown at higher ground level = 3.2+4.42 =
7.62 m
k = 35 degree
Curvilinear length of shell = 29.822 m
Span L = 17 m

SYDNEY OPERA, 1973

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

L,OCEANOGRAPHIC,
VALENCEA,STEEL
FRC

Fedala water tank: hyperbolicalconcrete silo, WATER STORAGE in

MORROCCO

Dimension checks
1.r/L = 1.435 > 0.6 ( type 2 shell) short shell
2. h > 1/10 B ; 4.42 > (0.1 * 28) = 2.8 ( safe)
3. Radius = 24.41m > 7.62+3.71 =11.33m
(acoustic design safe)
4. Minimum thickness = 50mm and 75mm
t = 100mm hence ok
5. B max for short shell = 122 m
6. Semicentral angle k < 40 degree ( to neglect
wind load)

Load Combination
1.Dead load+ Live load
2.Dead load + Live load+ Wind load.
3.Dead load+ Live load + Earth quake load
4.Dead load+ Live load +Wind load +Earthquake load.
Live load acc to IS 875 for curved slab of > 10 deg = 0.75
kn/m2
Equivalent dead load = Pd = 0.704 kn/m2
Dead load = 3 kn/m2
Finishes = 0.49 kn/m2
Total design load UDL on curve surface = 4.174 KN/sqmtr
.

FOURIER SINUSOIDAL LOAD

Design load is considered as a Sinusoidal expressed as Fourier
load as

for n=1,3,5.....
We consider n=1 and 3 only
For n=1 and 3,
P=(4/)*3

=3.82 KN/m2.

Equivalent dead load

Converted Live Load parallel to chord width to curved surface

Pd=PL (sin k)/ k

Pd=Equivalent Dead Load
PL= Live Load
k= Semi Central Angle.
Pd =( 0.75*(sin 35)/( 35 radians))=0.704
KN/m2
Now Total Design Load = Dead Load +Pd
Design load, P = 3+0.704 +0.49 = 4.174KN/m2

MEMBRANE ANALYSIS
From Fourier loading and simply supported shells.
Tx at x = 0 is 0 and max at x = L/2
T at x= 0 is 0 and max at x = L/2
S at x = L/2 is and max at x = 0 at ends
Characteristic of directorix =K= (s/(r*t*L2)^(1/4))
K = S/5.135
= (s/r)*(180/)
s = distance of key points from edge to crown.
s is taken at each one m on the curve length from springing till
Crown. Into 15 parts and 16 points.
And for K values are calculated .

MEMBRANE ANALYSIS
TO FIND DETERMINATE MEMBRANE FORCES
Tx = Nx = force in x direction
Tx = P*r*(L/r)2* (co-efficient Tx)*sin (x/L)
T = N = force in tangential or lateral direction
T = P *r*(co-efficient T)* sin (x/L)
S = lateral shear force along the span
S = P*r*( L/r)*(co-efficient S)* cos (x/L)
For shell considered with Fourier loading with n=1
Loads varying as 0 to maximum at centre of span.
Refer Table 1B of ASCE manual 31
Parameters = k
s = distance on curve from springing , longitudinal edge.

CALCULATION OF MEMBRANE FORCES FROM TABLE 1B

MANUAL 31

MEMBRANE FORCES AND

DISPLACEMENTS
V

H
0.671
0.75
0.8214
0.883
0.933
0.969

0.9924
1

Tx

0.469

-9.25682

-29.2383

-83.3652

0.433

0
-9.7587

0
-25.4734

0
-88.1493

0.383

0
-10.2048

0
-21.5482

0
-92.2208

0.321

0
-10.6509

0
-17.4629

0
-95.5799

0.251

0
-10.9297

0
-13.2173

0
-98.7353

0.17

0
-11.1305

0
-8.97176

0
-100.262

0.087

0
-11.2588

0
-4.44583

0
-101.382

0
-11.2978

0
0

0
-101.789

CORRECTION ANALYSIS
To suit the practical boundary condition of the shell
Apply correction opposite loads which create bending
moment and forces in x, directions hence bending
analysis. To find bending stresses and add to
membrane stresses.
1. No edge member to take longitudinal load at
springings hence make the S and T = 0 at
=0.
Hence equations are at = 0 .
T = 0
S=0
Tx is taken care at edges by longitudinal tension

CALCULATION OF CORRECTION
LOADS

To satisfy above boundary condition apply T L and SL at

either ends to satisfy static equilibrium of forces.
TL = P*r*(co-efficient of T at s = 0)
= 4.174*24.41* 0.819 = 83.445 KN/m2
SL = P*r*(L/r)*(co-efficient of S at s = 0)
= 4.174*24.41*(17/24.41)*0.365 = 25.899KN/m 2
Find the Tx , T ,S and M due to TL & SL
Table 3A for type 2 shells
Parameters = K= s/5.135 and r*t/L 2
K = 0,0.1,0.2,0.4,0.8..
r*t/L2 = (24.41*0.1)/172 = 0.00845

CORRECTION CO-EFFICIENTS
rt/L2 = 0.008
k=s/5.1 Tx CO Tx CO T CO T CO
35
TL
SL
TL
SL
S
0 16.225
5.81
1
0
0.19406
2 5.382
2.99 0.785 0.1036
0.38812
3
-0.77 1.177 0.367 0.0988
0.58218
5
0.77624
7 -4.278 -0.414 -0.313 -0.004
0.97030
9
1.16437
1.35843
2
1.55249
4
1.74655
5
1.94061
7

-0.131

-0.199

-0.24 -0.0567

CO TL S CO SL M CO TL M CO SL
0
1
0
0
-1.945

0.191 0.1383 0.0379

-2.316

-0.187 -0.0315

0.041

-1.094

-0.263 -0.6617

-0.422

0.719

0.084 -0.7409

-0.136

CORRECTION BENDING STRESSES

S
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

k=s/5.1
Tx OF T OF S OF

35
TL
TL
TL
M OF TL
0
0 -1353.9 -83.445
0
0
2.34723 11.1189
- 162.300
5
6 449.101 65.5043
5 -1.15404
4.69446 22.2379 64.2526
- 193.258
9
2
5 30.6243
6 0.262852
7.04170 33.3568
4
8
0
0
0
0
9.38893 44.4758 356.977 26.1182 91.2888
9
4
7
9
3 5.521556
11.7361
7 55.5948
0
0
0
0
14.0834 66.7137
1
6
0
0
0
0
16.4306 77.8327
4
2
0
0
0
0
18.7778 88.9516
8
8 10.9313 20.0268 -59.997 6.18244
21.1251 100.070

CORRECTION ANALYSIS BENDING

STRESSES
S
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

k=s/5.1
T OF Tx OF
S OF
M 0F
35
SL
SL
SL
SL
0
0
0 150.473 -25.899
0
2.34723 11.1189
5
6 -2.6821 -77.438 4.94671 0.09816
4.69446 22.2379
- 4.84311
9
2 2.55783 30.4831
3 0.10619
7.04170 33.3568
4
8
0
0
0
0
9.38893 44.4758 0.10355 10.7221 6.81143 1.09293
9
4
6
9
7
8
11.7361
7 55.5948
0
0
0
0
14.0834 66.7137
1
6
0
0
0
0
16.4306 77.8327
4
2
0
0
0
0
18.7778 88.9516 1.46790 5.15390
- 0.35222

STRESS
RESULTANTS
k=s/5.13 Tx
T
S
S
0

5
RESULT RESUL
RESULT
0
0 -1495.11 -0.07981 3.339325
11.1189
1 57.296
6 -526.539 -68.1864 157.3538
22.2379
2 114.592
2 43.52823 54.96713 223.5751
33.3568
3 171.888
8
0
0
0
44.4758
4 229.184
4 377.9047 118.4427 119.6485
5 286.48 55.5948
0
0
0
66.7137
6 343.776
6 10.65092 95.57987 17.46289
77.8327
7 401.072
2
0
0
0
88.9516
8 458.368
8 27.01494
120.23 -48.9551
100.070
9 515.664
6
0
0
0
111.189
10 572.96
6 11.13049 100.2622 8.97176
122.308

M
RESULT
0
-1.2522
0.156666
0
6.614493
0
0
0
6.534666
0
0

VARIATION OF T v/s s
T RESULT
150

100

50
T RESUL

0
0

-50

-100

10

12

14

16

VARIATION OF S v/s s
S RESULT
250

200

150

100

50

0
0
-50

-100

10

12

14

16

VARIATION OF Tx v/s
Tx RESULT
500

0
0

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Tx RESULT

Tx v/s s
Tx RESULT
500

0
0

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000

10

12

14

16

Tx RESULT

VARIATION OF M V/S s
M RESULT
8
7
6
5
4

M RESULT

3
2
1
0
0
-1
-2

10

12

14

16

VARIATION OF M & T V/S s

150

100

50

T RESUL
M RESULT
0
0

-50

-100

10

12

14

16

RESULTANT STRESS over s

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
M RESULT

50%

S RESULT
T RESUL

40%

Tx RESULT
30%

20%
10%
0%
1

RESULTANT STRESSES AT X=0

FOR S & X= L/2
Tx RESULT

T RESUL

S RESULT

M RESULT

-1495.11

-0.07981

3.339325

-526.539

-68.1864

157.3538

-1.25220156

43.52823

54.96713

223.5751

0.15666585

377.9047

118.4427

119.6485

6.61449345

10.65092

95.57987

17.46289

27.01494

120.23

-48.9551

6.53466645

11.13049

100.2622

8.97176

11.25875

101.3818

4.445828

17.90428

97.27502

15.50069

-1.11937668

RESULTANT STRESS AT
X= L/4
Tx RESULT

T RESUL

S RESULT

M RESULT

-1057.96

-4.5E-05

1E-05

-372.322

-48.2161

32.12188

-0.88538

29.99389

38.9268

61.79402

0.110767

266.3997

83.81456

38.34823

4.676839

6.674113

67.65026

10.93793

18.22287

85.0832

-6.42703

4.620367

6.974623

70.96433

5.619488

7.054992

71.75682

2.784657

11.75098

68.85302

3.717641

-0.79146

250

VARIATION OF SHEAR AT X=0

AND X=L/4

200

150

100
S RESULT
S RESULT
50

0
0

-50

-100

10

12

14

16

REINFORCEMENTS
Longitudinal reinforcement for Tx
This is designed by considering max allowable stress in steel
Transverse reinforcement for T & M
Tension moments & tensile lateral force is taken care by these bars
D
Diagonal reinforcement for shear S
& this also should take care of the principal tension caused due to
Tx, T & S
Principal tension is given by
N1,2=(Tx+T )/2 sqrt{((Tx+T )/2)2 +S2

Direction of principal tension is given by

Tan2=2S/(Tx+T )

DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT
DESIGN VALUES
AT X=0 FOR S & X= L/2
Tx=377.9047 at s=4m
T=120.23 at s=8m
M=6.61449345 at s=4m
S= 223.5751 at s=3m
AT X= L/4
Tx=266.3997 at s=4m
T=85.0832 at s=8m
M=4.676839 at s=4m
S= 61.79402 at s=3m

CALCULATIONS
Allowable stress in steel is taken as fs=140 N/mm2
Longitudinal reinforcement
Ast=Tx(max)/fs=2699.785mm2
Transverse reinforcement for moment
Ast= M (max)* 100/(fs*0.87*d)=72.40mm2
Diagonal steel
as simply supported hence at X=0, Tx & T = 0
hence principle tension = S = 223.5751 Kn/mm2
Ast= S/fs =1596.928 mm2

Detailing
DESCRIPT DISTAN
ION
CE (m)

DESIGN
FORCE

Ast mm2

DIAMETE SPACING
R mm
mm(C/C)

LONGITUDI
NAL BARS
FROM s= 6
to 14.91m
sp = 600
mm

X= L/2
to L/4

377.90
KN/m

2699.785

16

75

X= L/4 to 266.3997
L/8
KN/m

1349.89

16

150

X= L/8 to 94.47
0
KN/m

674.95

16

300

TRANSVER
SE BARS
s=0 to 3m
top
s=3 to
14.91m
bottom

X= L/2
to L/4

858.785

10

90

X= L/4 to 85.0832
L/8
KN/m

429.39

10

180

DIAGONAL
STEEL @
45 TO Tx
BARS

X= 0 to
L/4

1596.928

16

125

798.464

16

250

120.23KN
/m

223.57
KN/m

X= L/4 to 111.785
L/2
KN/m

REINFORCEMENT IN PLAN

SECTIONAL VIEW OF
REINFORCEMENT

DRAW BACKS
This method gives the force coefficients at
fixed key points .hence stress values at any
required points on the shell cannot be analyzed
it gives only variations.
It gives an approximate analysis of the
bending stress upon corrective loads on
boundary conditions.
It does not give rectification for random
distribution values.

CONCLUSION
Analysis done for the Fourier loading 1st n value
gives acceptable design forces throughout the
section of the shell.
For more accurate results same analysis for n=3
has to be done.
For the validation of this method further model
analysis of the proposed design & detailing
has to be done.

REFERENCES
Varghese P C, Limit state design of reinforced
concrete,PHI Learning,New Delhi,2005.
Chandrasekaran K,Analysis of thin concrete
shells, Tata McGraw-Hill,NewDelhi,1986.
Ramaswamy G S, Design & construction of
concrete shell roof, Tata McGrawHill,NewYork,1968.
ASCE Manual 31
IS 2210-1988
IS 875-1998 PART-1 AND PART-2

THANK
YOU