The C++ Language

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Overview of C++

Bjarne Stroupstrup, the languages creator

C++ was designed to provide Simulas facilities for program organization
together with Cs efficiency and flexibility for systems programming.
Modern C and C++ are siblings

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Outline
C++ basic features
Programming paradigm and statement syntax

Class definitions

Data members, methods, constructor, destructor

Pointers, arrays, and strings
Parameter passing in functions
Templates
Friend
Operator overloading

I/O streams
An example on file copy

Makefile

C++ Features

Classes
User-defined types

Operator overloading
Attach different meaning to expressions such as a + b

References
Pass-by-reference function arguments

Virtual Functions
Dispatched depending on type at run time

Templates
Macro-like polymorphism for containers (e.g., arrays)

Exceptions

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Compiling and Linking

A C++ program consists of one or more source files.

Source files contain function and class declarations and definitions.
Files that contain only declarations are incorporated into the source files that
need them when they are compiled.

Thus they are called include files.

Files that contain definitions are translated by the compiler into an intermediate
form called object files.
One or more object files are combined with to form the executable file by the
linker.

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A Simple C++ Program

#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ( ) {
intx, y;
cout << Please enter two numbers:;
cin >> x >> y;
int sum = x + y;
cout << Their sum is << sum << endl;
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

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The #include Directive

The first two lines:

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
incorporate the declarations of the iostream and cstdlib
libraries into the source code.

If your program is going to use a member of the standard

library, the appropriate header file must be included at the
beginning of the source code file.

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The using Statement

The line
using namespace std;

tells the compiler to make all names in the predefined namespace std
available.
The C++ standard library is defined within this namespace.
Incorporating the statement
using namespace std;
is an easy way to get access to the standard library.
But, it can lead to complications in larger programs.

This is done with individual using declarations.

using
using
using
using

std::cin;
std::cout;
std::string;
std::getline;

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Compiling and Executing

The command to compile is dependent upon the compiler

and operating system.
For the gcc compiler (popular on Linux) the command
would be:
g++ -o HelloWorld HelloWorld.cpp

For the Microsoft compiler the command would be:

cl /EHsc HelloWorld.cpp

To execute the program you would then issue the command

HelloWorld

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C++ Data Type

Basic Java types such as int, double, char have C++

counterparts of the same name, but there are a few
differences:
Boolean is bool in C++. In C++, 0 means false and
anything else means true.
C++ has a string class (use string library) and character
arrays (but they behave differently).

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Constants

Numeric Constants:

1234 is an int
1234U or 1234u is an unsigned int
1234L or 1234l is a long
1234UL or 1234ul is an unsigned long
1.234 is a double
1.234F or 1.234f is a float
1.234L or 1.234l is a long double.

Character Constants:
The form 'c' is a character constant.
The form '\xhh' is a character constant, where hh is a hexadecimal digit, and hh is
between 00 and 7F.
The form '\x' where \x is one of the following is a character constant.

String Constants:
The form "sequence of characters where sequence of characters does not
include " is called a string constant.
Note escape sequences may appear in the sequence of characters.
String constants are stored in the computer as arrays of characters followed by a
'\0'.
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Operators

Bitwise Operators

~ (complement)
& (bitwise and)
^ (bitwise exclusive or)
| (bitwise or)
<< (shift left)
>> (shift right)

Assignment Operators
+=, -=, *=, /=, %=, &=, |=, ^=, <<=, >>=

Other Operators

:: (scope resolution)
?: (conditional expression)
stream << var
stream >> exp

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Increment and Decrement

Prefix:
++x
x is replaced by x+1, and the value is x+1

--x
x is replaced by x-1, and the value is x-1

Postfix:
x++
x is replaced by x+1, but the value is x

x- x is replaced by x-1, but the value is x

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Object-Oriented Concept (C++)

Objects of the program interact by sending messages to

each other
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Basic C++

Inherit all C syntax

Primitive data types
Supported data types: int, long, short, float, double, char,
bool, and enum
The size of data types is platform-dependent
Basic expression syntax
Defining the usual arithmetic and logical operations such as
+, -, /, %, *, &&, !, and ||
Defining bit-wise operations, such as &, |, and ~
Basic statement syntax
If-else, for, while, and do-while

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Basic C++ (cont)

Add a new comment mark

// For 1 line comment
/* */ for a group of line comment
New data type
Reference data type &. Much likes pointer
int ix; /* ix is "real" variable */
int & rx = ix; /* rx is "alias" for ix */
ix = 1; /* also rx == 1 */
rx = 2; /* also ix == 2 */
const support for constant declaration, just likes C

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Class Definitions

A C++ class consists of data members and methods

(member functions).

Initializer list: used to initialize the data

members directly.
Avoid implicit type conversion

class IntCell
{
public:
explicit IntCell( int initialValue = 0 )
: storedValue( initialValue ) {}
Member

functions

int read( ) const

Indicates that the members invocation does
{ return storedValue;}not change any of the data members.
void write( int x )
{ storedValue = x; }
private:
Data member(s)
int storedValue;
}

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Information Hiding in C++

Two labels: public and private

Determine visibility of class members
A member that is public may be accessed by any
method in any class
A member that is private may only be accessed by
methods in its class
Information hiding
Data members are declared private, thus restricting
access to internal details of the class
Methods intended for general use are made public

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Constructors
A constructor is a special method that describes
how an instance of the class (called object) is
constructed
Whenever an instance of the class is created, its
constructor is called.
C++ provides a default constructor for each
class, which is a constructor with no parameters.
But, one can define multiple constructors for the
same class, and may even redefine the default
constructor

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Destructor
A destructor is called when an object is deleted
either implicitly, or explicitly (using the delete
operation)
The destructor is called whenever an object goes out of
scope or is subjected to a delete.
Typically, the destructor is used to free up any resources
that were allocated during the use of the object

C++ provides a default destructor for each class

The default simply applies the destructor on each data
member. But we can redefine the destructor of a class. A
C++ class can have only one destructor.
One can redefine the destructor of a class.

A C++ class can have only one destructor

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Constructor and Destructor

class Point {
private :
int _x, _y;
public:
Point() {
_x = _y = 0;
}
Point(const int x, const int y);
Point(const Point &from);
~Point() {void}
void setX(const int
void setY(const int
int getX() { return
int getY() { return

val);
val);
_x; }
_y; }

};

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Constructor and Destructor

Point::Point(const int x, const int y)
}

: _x(x), _y(y) {

Point::Point(const Point &from) {

_x = from._x;
_y = from._y;
}
Point::~Point(void) {
/* nothing to do */
}

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C++ Operator Overloading

class Complex {
...
public:
...
Complex operator +(const Complex &op) {
double real = _real + op._real,
imag = _imag + op._imag;
return(Complex(real, imag));
}
...
};

In this case, we have made operator + a member of class

Complex. An expression of the form
c = a + b;

is translated into a method call

c = a.operator +(a, b);

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Operator Overloading
The overloaded operator may not be a member of a class: It can
rather defined outside the class as a normal overloaded function.
For example, we could define operator + in this way :
class Complex {
...
public:
...
double real() { return _real; }
double imag() { return _imag; }
// No need to define operator here!
};
Complex operator +(Complex &op1, Complex &op2)
{
double real = op1.real() + op2.real(),
imag = op1.imag() + op2.imag();
return(Complex(real, imag));
}

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Friend
We can define functions or classes to be friends of a class
to allow them direct access to its private data members
class Complex {
...
public:
...
friend Complex operator +(
const Complex &,
const Complex &
);
};
Complex operator +(const Complex &op1, const Complex &op2) {
double real = op1._real + op2._real,
imag = op1._imag + op2._imag;
return(Complex(real, imag));
}

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Standard Input/Output Streams

Stream is a sequence of characters
Working with cin and cout
Streams convert internal representations to
character streams
>> input operator (extractor)
<< output operator (inserter)

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Thank You

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