Object Orientedprogrammingconcepts 101114113502 Phpapp02

Object - Oriented
Programming
Concepts
2000. 4. 14.
Kwang Shin Oh
Dept. of Research & Development
http://raytrust.pe.kr
raytrust@raytrust.pe.kr
Copyright 2000 Kwang Shin Oh
Http://raytrust.pe.kr
OO Concept
if youve never programmed using
an object-oriented language before
need to understand what objects and

classes are
need to understand how these
concepts translate to code
this document provides the

conceptual basis for objectoriented languages in general
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
Object-Oriented Concepts 2
What is an
Object?
objects are key to understanding
your dog, your desk, your television set,

your bicycle
real-world objects share two

characteristics
they all have state

they all have behavior
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
object-oriented technology
many examples of real-world objects
What is an Object?
for example
dogs have state
dogs have behavior
barking, fetching, slobbering
bicycles have state
name, color, breed, hungry
speed, pedal cadence, current gear
bicycles have behavior
braking, changing cadence, changing gears
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
What is an
Object?
software objects
modeled after real-world objects in

that they have state and behavior
maintains its state in variables
implements its behavior with
methods
Definition : An object is a
software bundle of variables
and related methods
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
What is an
Object?
represent real-world objects using
Visual Representation
of a Software Object
Public
API
Private
Implementatio
n
Details
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
software objects
also use software objects to
model abstract concepts
What is an
Object?
software object that modeled
your real-world bicycle

have variables that indicated the
bicycles current state
its speed is 10 mph

its pedal cadence is 90 rpm
its current gear is the 5th gear
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
What is an
Object?
these variables and methods are
to distinguish them from class

10 mph
gears
Bicycle Modeled
variables change
and class
methods
as a Software Object
brake
90 rpm
5th gear
change cadence
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
formally known as instance

variables and instance
methods
What is an
Object?
anything that an object does not
know or cannot do is excluded

from the object
for example
bicycle (probably) doesnt have a name,

and it cant run, bark, or fetch
thus there are no variables or methods
for those states and behaviors in the
bicycle class
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
What is an
Object?
the objects variables make up the
center or nucleus of the object

methods surround and hide the
objects nucleus from other objects
in the program
encapsulation
packaging an objects variables within

the protective custody of its methods
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
10
Object-Oriented Concepts
What is an
Object?
encapsulation is used to hide
when you want to change gears on

your bicycle
you dont need to know how the gear

mechanism works
you just need to know which lever to move
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
unimportant implementation details

from other objects
in real world
11
What is an
Object?
in software programs
you dont need to know how a class

is implemented
you just need to know which
methods to invoke
thus, the implementation details can
change at any time without
affecting other parts of the program
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
12
What is an
Object?
often, for implementation or
efficiency reasons
an object may wish to expose some of its

variables or hide some of its methods
so, in many languages, including Java
an object can choose to expose its

variables to other objects allowing those
other objects to inspect and even modify
the variables
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
13
What is an
Object?
The Benefits of Encapsulation
Modularity
the source code for an object can be

written and maintained independently
of the source code for other obejcts
an object can be easily passed around
in the system
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
14
What is an
Object?
Information hiding
an object has a public interface that

other objects can use to communicate
with it
the object can maintain private
information and methods that can be
changed at any time without affecting
the other objects that depend on it
you dont need to understand the gear
mechanism on your bike in order to use
it
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
15
What is a
Message?
a single object alone
not very useful

usually appears as a component of a
larger program or application that
contains many other object
so, the interaction of these objects
programmers achieve higher order

functionality and more complex
behavior
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
16
What is a
Message?
software objects interact and
communicate with each other by

sending messages to each other
when object A wants object B to
perform one of Bs methods
object A sends a message to object

B
Message
Object B
Object A
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
17
What is a
Message?
sometimes the receiving object needs
more information so that it knows

exactly what to do
this information is passed along with the

message as parameters
Three components comprise a

message
1. The object to whom the message is addressed
2. The name of the method to perform
3. Any parameters needed by the method
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
18
What is a
Message?
three components are enough
information for the receiving

object to perform the desired
method
No other information or
context is required
changeGears(lowerGear)
Your Bicycle
You
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
19
What is a
Message?
The Benefits of Messages
an objects behavior is expressed

through its methods
so message passing supports all

possible interactions between objects
objects dont need to be int the same

process or even on the same
machine
to send and receive messages back and

forth to each other
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
20
What is a Class?
in the real world
often have many objects of the

same kind
for example, your bicycle is just one of

many bicycles in the world
using object-oriented terminology
your bicycle obejct is an instance

of the class of objects known as
bicycles
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
21
bicycles have some state(speed,

current cadence, current gear) and
behavior(change gears, brake, change
cadence) in common
however, each bicycles state is
independent of and can be different
fromother bicycles
produce a new blueprint for every
individual bicycle they manufactured
it would be very inefficient!!!!
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
What is a Class?
22
What is a Class?
in object-oriented software
its also possible to have many

objects of the same kind that share
characteristics
rectangles, employee records, video

clips and so on
you can take advantage of the fact
objects of the same kind are similar and

you can create a blueprint for those
objects
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
23
software blueprints for objects

are called classes
Definition
A class is a blueprint or
prototype that defines the
variables and methods common
to all objects of a certain kind
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
What is a Class?
24
What is a Class?
the values for instance variables are

provided by each instance of the class
so, after youve created the bicycle
class
you must instantiate it(create an instance

of it) before you can use it
when you create an instance of a class
you
create an object of that type
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
25
What is a Class?
system
then you can invoke the objects

instance methods
to make it do domething
Instances of the same class
share the same instance method

implementations, which reside in the
class itself
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
allocates memory for the instance

variables declared by the class
26
What is a Class?
in addition to instance variables and

methods, classes can also define
class variables and class methods
you can access class variables and
methods from
an instance of the class

directly from a class
you dont have to instantiate a class
to use its class variables and methods
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
27
What is a Class?
class methods can only operate on
class variables
the first time it encounters the class
they do not have access to instance

variables or instance methods
the system creates a single copy of all
class variables for a class
all instances of that class share its

class variables
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
28
the illustrations of objects and

classes look very similar to one
another
the difference between classes and
objects is often the source of some
confusion
in the real-world its obvious
that classes are not themselves the

objects that they describe
a blueprint of a bicycle is not a bicycle
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
What is a Class?
29
What is a Class?
however, in software
its a little more difficult to

differentiate classes and objects
because
software objects are merely electronic

models of real-world objects or
abstract concepts in the first place
many people use the term object
inconsistently and use it to refer to
both classes and instances
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
30
What is a Class?
The Benefit of Classes
reusability
bicycle manufacturers reuse the same

blueprint over and over again to build
lots of bicycles
software programmers use the same
class, and thus the same code, over
and over again to create many object
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
31
What is
Inheritance?
generally speaking, objects are
defined in terms of classes

know a lot about an object by
knowing its class
even if you dont know what a
penny-farthing is
if I told you it was a bicycle

you would know that it had two
wheels, handle bars, and pedals
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
32
What is
Inheritance?
object-oriented systems
take this a step further

allow classes to be defined in terms
of other classes
for example
mountain bikes, racing bikes, and

tandems are all different kinds of
bicycles
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
33
What is
Inheritance?
in object-oriented terminology
mountain bikes, racing bikes, and

tandems are all subclasses of the
bicycle class
similarly, the bicycle class is the
superclass of mountain bikes,
racing bikes, and tandems
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
34
Mountain Bikes
Racing Bikes
Tandem Bikes
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
What is
Inheritance?
Bicycles
35
What is
Inheritance?
each subclass inherits state (int the
form of variable declarations) from the

superclass
mountain bikes, racing bikes, and tandems
share some states
cadence, speed, and the like
also, each subclass inherits methods

from the superclass
mountain bikes, racing bikes, and tandems

share some behaviors
braking and changing pedaling speed
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
36
What is
Inheritance?
however, subclasses are not limited
subclasses can add variables and

methods to the ones they inherit from
the superclass
for examples, tandem bicycles have
two seats and two sets of handle bars
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
to the state and behaviors provided

to them by their superclass
what would be the point in that?
37
What is
Inheritance?
subclasses can also override inherited
if you had a mountain bike with an extra

set of gears
you would override the change gears
method so that the rider could actually
use those new gears
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
methods and provide specialized

implementations for those methods
for example
38
What is
Inheritance?
not limited to just one layer of
can be as deep as needed
methods and variables are inherited

down through the levels
in general, the further down in the
hierarchy a class appears, the more
specialized its behavior
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
inheritance
the inheritance tree, or class
hierarchy
39
What is
Inheritance?
The Benefits of Inheritance
reuse the code
subclasses provide specialized

behaviors from the basis of common
elements provided by the superclass
through the use of inheritance,
programmers can reuse the code in the
superclass many times
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
40
What is
Inheritance?
abstract classes
programmers can implement

superclasses called abstract classes
that define generic behaviors
the abstract superclass defines and
may partially implement the behavior
but, much of the class is undefined and
unimplemented
other programmers fill in the details
with specialized subclasses
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
41
What is an
Interface?
in English
according to this definition
remote control
an interface between you and television

set
English language
an interface between two people
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
an interface is a device or system

that unrelated entities use to interact
42
What is an
Interface?
protocol of behavior enforced in the
military
an interface between people of different

ranks
within the Java programming

language
interface
a device that unrelated objects use to

interact with one another
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
43
What is an
Interface?
interfaces are probably most
in fact, other object-oriented

languages
have the functionality of interfaces

but they call their interfaces
protocols
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
analogous to protocols(an agreedupon behavior)
44
What is an
Interface?
the bicycle class and its class
hierarchy defines
what bicycles can and cannot do in

terms of its bicycle-ness
but bicycles interact with the

world on other terms
for example
a bicycle in a store is an inventory item

with a retail price, a part number, a
parts list, and so on
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
45
What is an
Interface?
to set or get this sort of information
from a bicycle object
this protocol comes in the form of an

interface
an inventory program and the bicycle class

must agree on a protocol of communication
lets call it InventoryItem, that contains

method definitions
the InventoryItem interface would

define methods such as setRetailPrice,
getRetailPrice, and so on
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
46
What is an
Interface?
to work within the inventory program
the bicycle class must agree to this

protocol
by implementing the InventoryItem

interface
when a class implements an interface
the class agrees to implement all of the

methods defined in the interface
thus, the bicycle class would have to
implement setRetailPrice, getRetailPrice
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
47
What is an
Interface?
The Benefit of Interfaces
you use an interface to define a protocol of

behavior that can be implemented by any
class anywhere in the class hierarchy
Capturing similarities
capturing similarities between

unrelated classes without artificially
forcing a class relationship
Declaring methods
declaring methods that one or more

classes are expected to implement
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48
What is an
Interface?
Revealing API
revealing an objects programming

interface without revealing its class
objects such as these are called
anonymous objects
and can be useful when shipping a
package of classes to other developers
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
49
Reference
The JavaTM Tutorial
Trail
Learning the Java Language
Lesson
Object-Oriented Programming Concepts
2000 Kwang Shin Oh
50

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Object - Oriented

Dept. of Research & Development

Copyright 2000 Kwang Shin Oh

need to understand what objects and

this document provides the

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

your dog, your desk, your television set,

real-world objects share two

they all have state

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

dogs have state

dogs have behavior

barking, fetching, slobbering

bicycles have state

name, color, breed, hungry

speed, pedal cadence, current gear

bicycles have behavior

braking, changing cadence, changing gears

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

modeled after real-world objects in

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

your real-world bicycle

its speed is 10 mph

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

to distinguish them from class

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

formally known as instance

know or cannot do is excluded

bicycle (probably) doesnt have a name,

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

center or nucleus of the object

packaging an objects variables within

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

when you want to change gears on

you dont need to know how the gear

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

unimportant implementation details

you dont need to know how a class

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

an object may wish to expose some of its

so, in many languages, including Java

an object can choose to expose its

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

the source code for an object can be

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

an object has a public interface that

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

not very useful

so, the interaction of these objects

programmers achieve higher order

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

communicate with each other by

object A sends a message to object

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

more information so that it knows

this information is passed along with the

Three components comprise a

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

information for the receiving

2000 Kwang Shin Oh

an objects behavior is expressed