Central Institute of

Hand Tools

Introduction
Central Institute of Hand Tools was established in
1983 with assistance from United Nations
development program (UNDP), government of
India and government of Punjab.
CIHT aim is to provide technology support
services and trained manpower to engineering
industry in general and the hand tools industries in
particular to achieve global standards.

Service offered at CIHT

Heat Treatment
Forging
Hammer blow
Mechanical Press
Tool Room
Lathe machine
CNC Wire cut.
CNC EDM.

Test and Quality Control

Equipment for chemical testing for iron, steel brass and bronze etc.
Profile projector.
Rockwell hardness tester.

Forging
Forging is the working of metal into a useful
shape by hammering or pressing.
The oldest of the metalworking arts (primitive
blacksmith).
Replacement of machinery occurred during
early the Industrial revolution.
Forging machines are now capable of making
parts ranging in size of a bolt to a turbine rotor.
Most forging operations are carried out hot,
although certain metals may be cold-forged.

Forging operations
Edging is used to shape the ends of the
bars and to gather metal. The metal flow
is confined in the horizontal direction but
it is free to flow laterally to fill the die.
Drawing is used to reduce the crosssectional area of the work piece with
concurrent increase in length.
Punching are used to produce holes in
metals.

 Swaging is used to produce a bar

with a smaller diameter (using
concave dies).
Swaging at the ends, ready for next
forming process.
Swaging provides a reduced round
cross section suitable for tapping,
threading, upsetting or other
subsequent forming and machining
operations.

Classification of
forging processes
Forging hammer or drop
hammer.
Press forging.

Hammer and press forging processes

Forging hammers: There are two
basic types of forging hammers used;

Board hammer

Power hammer
Forging presses: There is one basic
type of forging press available;

Mechanical presses

Board hammer
The upper die and ram are raised by friction rolls
gripping the board.
After releasing the board, the ram falls under
gravity to produce the blow energy.
The hammer can strike between 60-150 blows
per minute depending on size and capacity.
The board hammer is an energy restricted
machine. The blow energy supplied equal the
potential energy due to the weight and the
height of the fall.
Potential energy = mgh

Board hammer

Forging Hammer
The process is done with a ram,
delivering intermittent blows to the
section to be forged, applying
tremendous pressure, shaping the
material, by an instantaneous
application of pressure to a relatively
small area.
The hammer is forced from its
maximum height, by air pressure.

 Provide rapid impact blows to the surface of the

metal.
Dies are in two halves
- Lower : fixed to anvil
- Upper : moves up and down with the TUP.
Energy (from a gravity drop) is adsorbed onto the
metal, in which the maximum impact is on the
metal surface.
Dies are expensive being accurately machined
from special alloys (susceptible to thermal shock).
Drop forging is good for mass production of
complex shapes.

Forging Hammer

Mechanical press
A mechanical press is a device designed to apply very high
force to form, shape, or cut materials, to compress solids,
or to extract liquids.
Mechanical presses range in size from very small units that
are operated by hand, to large powered industrial units
used in manufacturing and assembly line applications.
For example, a simple hand-press can be used to remove a
bearing from a machine assembly, or a large press may be
used to stamp sheet metal into the curved shapes used to
construct automobile bodies.

Mechanical press

CNC wire cut

Principle: It puts impulse voltage between
electrode wire and work piece through impulse
source, controlled by servo system, to get a
certain gap, and realize impulse discharging in
the working liquid between electrode wire and
work piece. Numerous tiny holes appears due
to erosion of impulse discharging, and
therefore get the needed shape of work piece.

 Electrode wire is connecting to cathode of impulse power

source, and workpiece is connecting to anode of impulse power
source.
When workpiece is approaching electrode wire in the insulating
liquid and gap between them getting small to a certain value,
insulating liquid was broken through; very shortly, discharging
channel forms, and electrical discharging happens. And release
huge high temperature instantaneously, up to more than 10000
degree centigrade, the eroded work piece is cooling down
swiftly in working liquid and flushed away.

Conditions that wire cut EDM

work correctly
The gap between electrode wire and
work piece should be certainly
maintained in a required range.
The procedure should happen in the
liquid with insulate capacity.
Electrical discharging should be short
time impulse discharging.