ABS Case Study by ABS Guide

on Non-Linear FEA

ABS Seminar on Baltic Ice Class

ABS-1

Presentation Content
Introduction

of ABS Non-Linear Analysis

Case Study I by ABS Guide
Case Study II by ABS Guide
Case Study III - ABS Proposal to FMA
Reduced FMA side shell plating

ABS-2

Extent of FEA Model

Longitudinal

Direction- Minimum 3 web

spacings w/Half web spacing on fore and aft
Vertical

Direction- To be extended two

horizontal stringers including Ice belt zone
Ice

load applies to one single longitudinal

Horizontal

Direction- Includes the inner skin

ABS-3

FE Model Extent

Y
Z
X

ABS-4

Mesh Size

Recommend to divide side shell longitudinal web in at

least three elements
Flange can be modeled by shell element or a beam
element
Mesh of Side shell, web frame and inner skin are the
same size of the mesh in longitudinal web plate
Structures away from ice belt may be of a coarser
mesh
Brackets should be fine enough to carry at least three
elements
ABS-5

Mesh of Side longis and bkt at

connection to web frame

Y
Z
X

ABS-6

Material for Elastic-Perfectly

Plastic
Stress
Youngs Modulus
Poisson Ratio
Tangential Modulus

235 Mpa
206,000 Mpa
0.3
0
y

ET = 0

Stress

Yield

Strain(

ABS-7

Ice Loading
Pmax = 3.37 cd c1 po (1.059-0.175)
Ice strip h
IA 0.3m
IB 0.25m
IC 0.22m

ABS-8

Boundary
Top

and Bottom planes-allow x-dir rotation

Forward and Aft planes-symmetric condition
Boundary of
FEM model

Planes ADHE,
BCGH

Planes ABCD,
EFGH

Displacement in
x direction

Constrained

Constrained

Displacement in
y direction

Constrained

---

Displacement in
z direction

Constrained

---

Rotation in x
direction
Rotation in y
direction
Rotation in z
direction

---

---

Constrained

Constrained

Constrained

Constrained

ABS-9

FEM Solution
Basic

approach is to apply load incrementally

Load increment should be sufficiently fine to
insure the accuracy of the prediction
10 to 20 steps to loading until reach Max
line load required by FMA Guide
10 to 20 steps to unloading until line load is
zero

ABS-10

FEM Solution

Convergence
Affects the accuracy and overall efficient in No-linear
analysis
There are no universally accepted criteria
ABS accepts the criteria in MSC Handbook
Error tolerance for Displacement is less than 10 -3
Error tolerance for loads is less than 10 -3
Error tolerance for energy is less than 10 -7

Load step is assumed to converge when all three

tolerances are met
IF the solution does not converge, increase the number
of load steps

ABS-11

Acceptance Criteria
If the plastic deformation for the proposed
structure is equal or smaller than for the
Rule(FSICR) structure, the scantlings of the
proposed structure is considered acceptable

ABS-12

CASE I
The Non-linear FEM Analysis
for 160K Suezmax Tanker
By Applying ABS Guidance Notes
on Non-Linear FEA
of Side Structures Subject to Ice Loads

ABS-13

Objective
Verify

the side structure in accordance with

ABS procedure in Guidance Notes on NonLinear Finite Element Analysis of Side
Structures Subject to Ice Loads
Compare the plastic deformation between
rule structure (Sp=450mm, 350mm) and
proposed structure (Sp=850mm) for IC,IB
and IA ice class by Tentative Note for
Application of Direct Calculation Methods
for longitudinally Framed Hull Structure
issued by FMA on 30 June 2003
ABS-14

The Principal Particulars of the Ship

Length B.P.

264.00 m

Length Scantling

260.83 m

Breadth (MLD)

48.00 m

Depth (MLD)

23.20 m

Draft Scantling

17.00 m

Deadweight (Approx.)
Displacement
Engine Output

159600 t
177791 m3
17098.32 kW

22,920 HP
ABS-15

Coordinate and Unit System

The global coordinate system :

Coodinate

Direction

Ship's length, forward

Ship's depth, upward

Ship's breadth, starboard

Term

Unit

Length

mm

Pressure,Stress

Mpa

Force

The unit system :

ABS-16

Structural Idealization

Six models for rule structure (Sp=450mm,

350mm) and proposed structure (Sp=850mm)
designed for IC,IB and IA ice class
Model Extension :
Direction

Extension

4 web spacing

stringer 1 to stringer 2

double skin width

ABS-17

Scantling Details in Models

Ice Class

IC

IC

IB

IB

IB

IA

IA

Type

Rule

Proposed

Rule

Proposed

Proposed

Rule

Proposed

Model Name

1CSP450mm

1CSP850mm

1BSP450mm

1BSP850mm

1BSP850mm

1ASP350mm

1ASP850mm

Stiffener Spacing

450mm

850mm

450mm

850mm

850mm

350mm

850mm

Side Plate

17mm

30mm

20mm

36.5mm

31.5mm AH

19.5mm

40mm AH

Side Frame

250x90x10/15 300x90x11/16 300x90x13/17 350x100x12/17 400x100x13/18AH 400x11+100x14 L2350x100x12/17AH

Flat Bar

230x13

None

230x13

None

None

230x13

None

Bracket

400x400x12

None

400x400x12

None

None

400x400x12

None

Stiffener Span

4276mm

4800mm

4320mm

4800mm

4800mm

4394mm

4800mm

Web plate: Low er

16mm AH

16mm AH

16mm AH

18.5mm AH

16mm AH

16mm AH

20mm AH

Web plate: Upper

13mm

15mm

13mm

18.5mm

16mm

13mm

20mm

ABS-18

Model for Sp=450mm Rule Structure for IB

V1

Y
Z
X

ABS-19

Model for Sp=850mm Proposed Structure for IB

Y
Z

ABS-20

Mesh at Longitudinal Subjected to Ice Loading

Longitudinal spacing 450mm, Ice class IB

Y
Z

Longitudinal spacing 850mm, Ice class IB

ABS-21

Boundary Condition

Y
Z

ABS-22

Line Ice Load

260.

260.

260.

Y X

260.

260.

260.

260.

260.

396.4

396.4

396.4

396.4

577.6

577.6

577.6

577.6

(a) Ice class IC

396.4

260.

396.4

396.4

396.4

396.4

(b) Ice class IB

577.6

Y X
Z

577.6

577.6

577.6

577.6

(c) Ice class IA

ABS-23

Methodology

Nonlinearity : Material and Geometric

Iterative Procedure used : Full Newton-Raphson Method
Iterative Process : Loading and Unloading
Iterative Steps :
IC --- 13 steps each for loading and unloading
IB --- 15 steps each for loading and unloading
IA --- 20 steps each for loading and unloading

Solver : MSC. Nastran 2001

ABS-24

Material

Material Non-Linear : Elastic-perfectly plastic

Yield Stress : 235 MPa for Mild steel;
314 MPa for AH32 steel
Youngs modules : 206000 MPa

ABS-25

FEM Results under Maximum Ice Pressure

( Sp=450mm Rule Structure for IB )
Output Set: Case 15 Time 1.
Deformed(19.5): Total Translation
Contour: P late Top VonMises Stress

235.

211.5

188.

164.5

141.

117.5

94.

70.5

47.

Z
X

23.5

0.

ABS-26

FEM Results under Maximum Ice Pressure

( Sp=850mm Rule Structure for IB )
Output Set: Case 15 Time 1.
Deformed(17.48): Total Translation
Contour: Plate Top VonMises Stress

235.

211.5

188.

164.5

141.

117.5

94.

70.5

47.

23.5

0.

ABS-27

Max. Deflection at Middle Point for Ice Class IC

IC
300.0
280.0

SP=450mm

260.0

SP=850mm

240.0
220.0

Iineload, N/mm

200.0
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
0

10

11

Displacement, mm

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

ABS-28

Max. Deflection at Middle Point for Ice Class IB

IB
400.0
380.0

SP=450mm

360.0

SP=850mm,Mild

340.0
320.0

SP=850mm,AH

300.0
280.0

Iineload, N/mm

260.0
240.0
220.0
200.0
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
0

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Displacement, mm

ABS-29

Max. Deflection at Middle Point for Ice Class IA

IA
600.0
570.0
SP=450mm

540.0
510.0

SP=850mm

480.0
450.0
420.0

Iineload, N/mm

390.0
360.0
330.0
300.0
270.0
240.0
210.0
180.0
150.0
120.0
90.0
60.0
30.0
0.0
0

10

11

12

13

Displacement, mm

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

ABS-30

Deflection at Middle Point

of Middle Longitudinal
Ice Class

Longi. Spacing (mm) Material

Deflection under Max. Ice Pressure (mm)

IC

450

Mild

15.43

IC

850

Mild

15.16

IB

450

Mild

14.99

IB

850

Mild

14.81

IB

850

AH

13.23

IA

350

Mild

19.78

IA

850

AH

19.46

ABS-31

Scantling Optimisation(Plating)
Plastic Deflection vs. Side Shell Thickness for IC
Ice Class Structure Type Sp. (mm) tshl (mm)

Side Frame

Deflection(mm)

IC

by FMA Rule

450

17

250x90x10/15

15.43

IC

by FMA Note

850

30

300x90x11/16

13.91

IC

tshl reduced

850

28

300x90x11/16

15.31

IC

tshl reduced

850

26

300x90x11/16

17.01

ABS-32

Scantling Optimisation(Stiffener)
Plastic Deflection vs. Side Frame for IC
Ice Class Structure Type Sp. (mm) tshl (mm)

Side Frame

Deflection(mm)

IC

by FMA Rule

450

17

250x90x10/15

15.43

IC

by FMA Note

850

30

300x90x11/16

13.91

IC

Side F. reduced

850

30

250x90x12/16

17.62

Where the scantling 300x90x11/16 is one rank higher than 250x90x12/16

ABS-33

Scantling Optimisation(Plating)
Plastic Deflection vs. Side Shell Thickness for IB
Ice Class

Structure Type

IB

by FMA rule

450

IB

by FMA Note

850

IB

by FMA Note

850

31.5 AH 400x100x13/18 AH

13.23

IB

tshl reduced

850

28.5 AH 400x100x13/18 AH

14.12

IB

tshl reduced

850

Sp. (mm) tshl (mm)

Side Frame

Deflection(mm)

20

300x90x13/17

14.99

36.5

350x100x12/17

14.81

26 AH

400x100x13/18 AH

14.98

* For reference only - need further study for plating

deformation See Case III
ABS-34

Scantling Optimisation(Stiffener)
Plastic Deflection vs. Side Frame for IB
Ice Class

Structure Type

Sp. (mm) tshl (mm)

IB

by FMA rule

450

IB

by FMA Note

850

31.5 AH 400x100x13/18 AH

13.23

IB

Side F. reduced

850

31.5 AH 350x100x12/17 AH

15.85

IB

Side F. reduced

850

31.5 AH 300x90x13/17 AH

17.99

IB

Side F. increased

850

20

Side Frame

Deflection(mm)

300x90x13/17

14.99

26 AH 450x12+150x20 AH

7.29

ABS-35

CASE II
The Non-linear FEM Analysis
for 115K AFRAMAX Tanker
By Applying ABS Guidance Notes
on Non-Linear FEA
of Side Structures Subject to Ice Loads

ABS-36

The Principal Particulars of the Ship

Length B.P.

239.000 m

Length Scantling

236.292 m

Breadth (MLD)

43.80 m

Depth (MLD)

21.30 m

Draft Scantling

14.90 m

Deadweight (Approx.)
Displacement
Engine Output

115000 t
130019 m3
14517.16 kW

19,460 HP
ABS-37

Structural Idealization

Two models for rule structure (Spacing=350mm)

and proposed structure (Spacing=855mm)
designed for IA ice class
Model Extension :
Direction

Extension

4 web spacing

stringer 1 to stringer 2

double skin width

ABS-38

Scantling Details in Models

Ice Class

IA

IA

Model Nam e

1ASP350m m

1ASP855m m

Stiffener Spacing

350m m

855m m

Side Plate

16.5m m AH

38m m AH

Side Fram e

300x90x11/16AH

300x90x13/17AH

Flat Bar

250x14 w ith R375

None

Bracket

400x400x12/R600

None

Stiffener Span

3806m m

4300m m

Web plate: Low er

16m m AH

19m m AH

Web plate: Upper

13m m

19m m

ABS-39

Model for Sp=350mm Rule Structure for IA

V1

Y
Z
X

ABS-40

Model for Sp=855mm Proposed Structure for IA

V1
L2
C1

Y
Z
X

ABS-41

Line Ice Load

V1
L1
G1

704.9

704.9

704.9

704.9

704.9

704.9

704.9

704.9

704.9

Y X
Z

Longitudinal spacing 350mm

V1
L1
G1

704.9

704.9

704.9

704.9

704.9

704.9

704.9

704.9

704.9

YX
Z

Longitudinal spacing 855mm

ABS-42

Boundary Condition
V1
C1

Y
Z
X

ABS-43

Methodology

Nonlinearity : Material and Geometric

Iterative Procedure used : Full Newton-Raphson
Method
Iterative Process : Loading and Unloading
Iterative Steps :
IA --- 15 steps each for loading and unloading
Solver : MSC. Nastran 2001

ABS-44

FEM Results under Maximum Ice Pressure

( Sp=350mm Rule Structure for IA )
V1
G21

314.
294.4
274.8
255.2
235.6
216.
196.4
176.8
157.2
137.6
118.
98.4
78.8
Y
Z

X
Output Set: Case 15 Time 1.
Deformed(36.8): Total Translation
Contour: Plate Top VonMises Stress

59.2
39.6
20.
0.401

ABS-45

Details under Maximum Ice Pressure

( Sp=350mm Rule Structure for IA )
V1
G21

314.
294.4
274.8
255.2
235.6
216.
196.4
176.8
157.2
137.6
118.
98.4
78.8
Y
Z

X
Output Set: Case 15 Time 1.
Deformed(36.8): Total Translation
Contour: Plate Top VonMises Stress

59.2
39.6
20.
0.401

ABS-46

FEM Results under Maximum Ice Pressure

( Sp=855mm Proposed Structure for IA )
V1
G13

314.
294.5
275.
255.5
236.
216.5
197.
177.5
158.
138.5
119.1
99.56
80.06
Y
Z

X
Output Set: Case 15 Time 1.
Deformed(27.07): Total Translation
Contour: P late Top VonMises Stress

60.57
41.07
21.58
2.08

ABS-47

Details under Maximum Ice Pressure

( Sp=855mm Proposed Structure for IA )
V1
G13

314.
294.5
275.
255.5
236.
216.5
197.
177.5
158.
138.5
119.1
99.56
80.06
Y
Z

X
Output Set: Case 15 Time 1.
Deformed(27.07): Total Translation
Contour: Plate Top VonMises Stress

60.57
41.07
21.58
2.08

ABS-48

Max. Deflection at Middle Point for Ice Class IA

IA
750.0
700.0
SP=350mm

650.0
600.0

SP=855mm

Iineload, N/mm

550.0
500.0
450.0
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
0

3 4

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Displacement, mm

ABS-49

Deflection at Middle Point

of Middle Longitudinal
Ice Class

Spacing (mm)

Material

Deflection under Max. Ice Pressure (mm)

IA

350

AH

29.02

IA

855

AH

24.82

ABS-50

Conclusion
The

ABS Guidance Notes on Non-Linear

FEA of Side Structures Subject to Ice
Loads verified well for the actual subject
vessel.
The plastic deformation for the proposed
structure (Sp=850mm) is smaller than that
for the rule structure (Sp=450mm,350mm)
within ice belt region in midship for ice
class IC,IB and IA respectively, the
scantlings of the proposed structure may
be considered to be acceptable.
ABS-51

CASE III
The Study of Side Structure
subject to Ice Loads
for the Evaluation of Side Shell Plating
through Non-Linear FE Analysis

ABS-52

Background
There

is a perception that FMA shell plating

requirements are much more conservative
than expected in the actual condition
It is not clearly described in FMA Guide that
what kind of analytic method could be used
for shell plating verification
However, the FMA document of Background
for the Tentative guide for non-linear analysis
for longitudinal members, hints that
permanent set of deflection as a basis of
FMA prescriptive rule formula.
ABS-53

Approach
Compare

the permanent deflection of side

shell plating with the criteria indicated in
Background for the Tentative Guidelines for
Application of Direct Calculation Methods for
Longitudinally Framed Hull Structure issued
by FMA on 30 June 2003

Grope

for the Method and Criteria to evaluate

the side shell plating through ABS NonLinear FE Analysis
ABS-54

Surface Ice Pressure on Side Shell

Plating
Au

Stiffener

2s
1.5
1.5
1.5

Y
Z

Web Frame

1.5

1.5

1.5
1.5

1.5
1.5

Al

h
Stiffener
Web Frame

ABS-55

The assumed criteria of Permanent

Deflection
a. Side Shell Plating
Plate Thickness ABS Guide on Non-Linear FEA
2.5% Longitudinal Spacing FMA Background Doc.
b. Side Longitudinals
1.0% Span of Web frame FMA Background Doc.

ABS-56

FEM Results under Maximum Ice Pressure

with Rule structure ( Sp = 450mm Thick.= 20.0mm Stiff. =

300x90x13/17IA for 160k Suezmax Tanker IB )

ABS-57

FEM Results under Maximum Ice Pressure

with Proposed Structure ( Sp = 850mm Thick. = 26 AH Stiff =

400x100x13/18 IA AH for 160k Suezmax Tanker IB )

ABS-58

Pressure vs. Deflection

(Suezmax: Sp =850 mm, Thick.=26.0 AH, Stiff. = 400x100x13/18 I.A. AH)

1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0

Pressure (Mpa)

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

Absolute Deflection (Total)

0.4

Absolute Deflection (Z-direction)

0.3

Relative Deflection (Total)

0.2

Relative Deflection (Z-direction)

0.1
0.0
0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

Deflection (mm)

ABS-59

FEM Results under Maximum Ice Pressure

with Rule Structure ( Sp = 350mm Thick. = 16.5 AH Stiff = 300x90x11/16IA

AH for 115k Aframax Tanker IA )

ABS-60

FEM Results under Maximum Ice Pressure

with Proposed Structure ( Sp = 855mm Thick. = 34.5AH Stiff =

350x90x13/17IA AH for 115k Aframax Tanker IA )

ABS-61

Pressure vs. Deflection

Pressure (Mpa)

(Aframax: Sp =855 mm, Thick.=34.5 AH, Stiff. = 300x90x13/17 I.A. AH)

2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

Absolute Deflection (Total)

Absolute Deflection (Z-direction)
Relative Deflection (Total)
Relative Deflection (Z-direction)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

15.0

16.0

17.0

Deflection (mm)

ABS-62

Plastic & Permanent Deflection

of Side Shell Plating
Vessel Structure Type

Spacing
t (mm)
(mm) shl

by FMA Rule 450

20.0
by FMA Note 850 31.5 AH
by FMA Note 850 31.5 AH
Suezmax
t reduced 850 26 AH
for IB shl
S.F. increased 850 26 AH
S.F. increased 850 28 AH
S.F. increased 850 31 AH
by FMA Rule 350 16.5 AH
Aframax
by FMA Note 855 38 AH
for IA
tshl reduced 855 34.5 AH
*Normal (in the direction of load) deflection

Side Frame
300x90x13/17
350x100x12/17 AH
400x100x13/18 AH
400x100x13/18 AH
450x12+150x20 AH
450x12+150x20 AH
450x12+150x20 AH
300x90x11/16 AH
350x90x13/17 AH
350x90x13/17 AH

Surface Pressure
Plating Deflection (mm)
Permanent Deflection (mm)
Limit of Permanent
Absolute
Relative
Absolute
Relative
Deflection (mm)
Total Z-Direction * Total Z-Direction * Total Z-Direction * Total Z-Direction * Thickness 0.025 x S
6.52
6.52
2.42
2.42
0.004 0.004 0.002 0.002
20.0
11.25
11.66 11.66
4.85
4.85
0.008 0.008 0.003 0.003
31.5
21.25
9.73
9.73
4.62
4.62
0.007 0.007 0.003 0.003
31.5
21.25
12.82 12.82
7.38
7.38
0.878 0.878 0.510 0.510
26
21.25
10.78 10.78
7.12
7.12
0.735 0.735 0.489 0.489
26
21.25
9.51
9.51
5.91
5.91
0.642 0.642 0.401 0.401
28
21.25
8.06
8.06
4.56
4.56
0.541 0.541 0.307 0.307
31
21.25
8.29
8.29
3.11
3.11
0.150 0.150 0.121 0.121
16.5
8.75
13.67 13.67
4.50
4.50
0.076 0.076 0.025 0.025
38
21.38
15.25 15.25
5.65
5.65
0.085 0.085 0.032 0.032
34.5
21.38

ABS-63

Plastic & Permanent Deflection

of Side Shell Plating
Line Load
Spacing
stiffener Deflection Permanent Deflection Limit of Per.
Vessel Structure Type
tshl (mm)
Side Frame
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
Deflection
Total Z-Direction * Total Z-Direction * 0.01 x l
by FMA Rule
450
20.0
300x90x13/17
14.99
14.53
3.45
3.27
43.20
by FMA Note
850 31.5 AH 350x100x12/17 AH 15.85
13.21
2.29
2.22
48.00
by FMA Note
850 31.5 AH 400x100x13/18 AH 13.23
9.51
0.71
0.71
48.00
Suezmax
tshl reduced
850
26 AH 400x100x13/18 AH 14.98
11.05
1.51
1.51
48.00
for IB
S.F. increased 850
26 AH 450x12+150x20 AH 7.29
7.29
0.12
0.12
48.00
S.F. increased 850
28 AH 450x12+150x20 AH 7.08
7.09
0.09
0.09
48.00
S.F. increased 850
31 AH 450x12+150x20 AH 6.80
6.80
0.06
0.06
48.00
by FMA Rule
350 16.5 AH 300x90x11/16 AH 29.02
26.15
11.05
10.89
38.06
Aframax
by FMA Note
855
38 AH 350x90x13/17 AH 24.82
24.42
9.01
8.27
43.00
for IA
tshl reduced
855 34.5 AH 350x90x13/17 AH 29.05
28.69
12.12
11.50
43.00
*Normal (in the direction of load) deflection

ABS-64

Finding
1. Side shell Plating subject to surface ice pressure
a. Permanent deflection of side shell plating is much smaller
than criteria indicated in FMA background document and
ABS Guide on Non-Linear FEA.
b. Maximum plating deflection of proposed side structure by
FMA note is larger than deflection of rule structure by FMA
Rule.
c. The comparison between permanent deflection and the
criteria is not suitable to optimize the scantlings of side
shell plating.
2. Both scantlings of side shell plating and stiffener are to be
controlled by the deflection of side longitudinals subject to
line load.
ABS-65

Summary
1. The evaluation of side shell plating just using comparison
of the permanent deflection and the criteria is not suitable.
2. If the plastic deformation for the optimized structure
subject to Ice Line Load is equal to or smaller than for the
rule structure by FMA, the optimized scantlings of side
structure with a good balance of side shell plating and
longitudinal framing may be considered to be acceptable.ABS Proposal to FMA
3. The result of this study should be verified by a comparison
with the reported damage cases-actual database
ABS-66

Thank You for Your Attention,

now Q & A

ABS-67

ABS Activities in Ice Technology development

Close contact with Finnish and Swedish Maritime

Administrations for interpretation and
development of the Baltic Ice Class Rules
Developed direct calculation method for
determining scantlings for longitudinal framing
Participation in IACS AHG/Polar Ships
Cooperation with Ship laboratory HUT, Finland
Participation in Canadian Marine Advisory
Council (Arctic committee)
ABS Offers Gratis Analysis of Non-Linear FEA for
any type of vessels

ABS-68

ABS Future Technical

Development
Optimising

Ship Structure subjected to Ice

Loads
Design for Reducibility- Using FEM to
simplify Ice strengthened ship structures
Ice class LNG carrier
Other consideration
Risk management
ABS-69