HSC 425I: HUMAN SEXUALITY

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Textbook

Human Sexuality
Roger R. Hock

Acceptable Sexual Behaviors in

Society
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

1.

Heterosexual
2.
3.
Masturbation
4.
Foreplay
5.
Premarital sex
6.
7.
Pornography
8.
Contraceptives
9.
Oral sex
10.
11.
Casual sex
Safer forms of foreplay12.
13.
Monogamy
14.
15.
Consensual sex
16.
Bachelor parties
17.

Abnormal Sexual Behaviors in

Society
Incest
Pedophilia
Bestiality
Toys/kinky sex
Prostitution
Cheating
Giant orgies
Pornography (hardcore)
Rape
Necrophilia
Underage
Mismatch
Swing
Public sex
Vampire sex
Bondage/gagging neurotic asphyxiation
Anal sex

Normal Sexual Behaviors

Society
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Vaginal sex
Oral sex
Multiple partners
Dating
Masturbation
Kissing
Monogamy
Sexual fantasies
Contraceptives
PDA
Erotic dancing
Flirting
Pornography
Sex outside marriage

in
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

Abnormal Sexual Behaviors in Society

Anal sex
Forty year old virgin
Feet fetishes
Beastiality
Bondage
Auto erotic asphyxiation
Choking
Necrophilia
Pedophilia
Senior sex
Incest
Affairs
Marrying outside
species/inanimate objects

Prostitution
2. Group sex
3. Transsexual sex
4. Friends with benefits
5. Homosexual
6. Same sex experiences
7. Age differences
8. One night stands
9. Sex under influence
10. Orgies
11. Sex toys
1.

Perspective of Class

Sexuality is a fundamental component of health

The most significant factor in shaping sexuality is the

interplay between biology, individual personality,
social, and cultural factors.

Sex is basically an expression of intimacy and an

essential component of pair bonding.

Sexual norms and morals are relative to the culture

and times where they exist.

Even though sexuality is not unique to humans, human

sexuality is uniquely complex and it may affect most
aspects of a human beings life, and it plays a role in
most human endeavors.

Critical Thinking Question?

Why is important to study human sexuality?

Its

More Complex than You Think

People Know a lot About Sex And Much of It
Is Wrong
To Promote Tolerance and Respect for Sexual
Diversity
What Is Normal Sexuality?
To Promote Sexual Health

Why do we have sex?

Brainstorm about the

purpose of sex
Reproduction
Recreation
Business
Other?

Reproduction vs. Recreation

Why couldnt we just

reproduce by dividing
ourselves like amebas?

What percentage of the time

do you think people have
sex for the purpose of
reproduction vs. recreation?

Sexual
Vocabulary

What

does the word sex mean?

Intercourse
Vaginal-penile
Anal

Sex
Oral Sex
Gender
Other

intercourse

Did President Clinton have sex

with Monica Lewinsky?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=KiIP_KDQmXs

Sexual Vocabulary (cont)

What
Never

does it mean to be a virgin?

having had penile-vaginal intercourse

Never having been naked and intimate with another
person
Complete sexual inexperience

Sexual Vocabulary

Dichotomies used to
judge sexual activities

Moral vs immoral
Natural vs unnatural
Normal vs abnormal
Appropriate vs inappropiate
Legal vs illegal
Bad vs good
Other?
Yucky vs yummy?

Societal Norms and Sexuality

Normal sexual
behavior is what a
culture defines as
normal.

Critical thinking question

How do you determine if a particular

sexual behavior or practice is abnormal,
unnatural, immoral?
Is

it based on what you personally do or not

do? or
Is it based on some other principle?

Theoretical framework for

explaining sex

Theory of evolution

We have sex because it allows

the species to survive.

Sociobiology theory (based on

the theory of evolution)

reproductive strategies
enhance the individuals ability
to pass along his or her genes
and ensure their survival
Phenomena such as male
dominance, maternal behavior,
etc., can be explained
biologically

Theoretical framework for

explaining sex (cont)

Evolutionary psychology

Also based on the theory of

evolution seeks to explain the
biological bases of love and
other emotions such as
jealousy
Sexual selection

Sexual behaviors that provide

reproductive advantage

Sexual strategies

Purposeful practices for

choosing a partner

Theoretical framework for

explaining sex (cont)

Religion

Most religions see sex as

coming from the divine (i.e.
one god or several gods)
According to the different
religions, sex can be a path
to spirituality, a mandate to
reproduce, a necessary evil,
a gift, a punishment, a
temptation, or a sin to be
avoided at all cost, among
others.

Theoretical framework for

explaining sex (cont)

Social Construction Theory

Social Learning Theory

The notion that sexuality is

constructed differently across
cultures and over time.
Seeks to explain how we
learn to behave socially by
imitating those around us.

No one theory explains

everything about sexuality

Sexuality Across Cultures and

Times

Culture takes our sexual impulses and molds

and shapes them, sometimes celebrating
sexuality, other times condemning it.

Sex is not a new phenomenon. Every

variety of sexual behavior can be found in
the pages of history.

Sexual impulses - an inclination to act

sexually

Culture takes our sexual impulses and molds

and shapes them.

Normal???????

Subjectively normal
Statistically normal
Idealistically normal
Culturally normal
Clinically normal

Phallic Worship

The penis as a
symbol of power.
The penis is glorified
in art as a sword or
ax, sometimes given
wings.

Phallic Worship

Phallic Worship

Ancient Civilizations and

Sexuality

Ancient China
Ancient India
Ancient Japan
Ancient Greece
Ancient Romans

Ancient China (Chou Dynasty

-770 BC to 222 BC)

They divided men and women into the yin

and the yang
Women had an unending supply of yin
essence.
Men had a limited supply of yang and they
were forbidden to use it up without
acquiring plenty of yin.
Before a man could ejaculate, he had to
prolong it, making a woman orgasm
several times to acquire her yin essence,
otherwise it may cause the man health
problems and even death.

Ancient China-Chou Dynasty

-770 BC to 222 BC (cont)

Masturbation by men was seen as

unhealthy because it would cause
a complete loss of vital yang
essence.
Women could masturbate freely
because they had unlimited yin.
Male homosexuality was forbidden
because it was considered a
complete loss of yang essence for
both men.
Female homosexuality was
widespread.

Ancient India

It may be argued that India pioneered

the use of sexual education through
art and literature.
The Tantric school of Hindu
philosophy sex

is a basic and powerful desire

experienced by all humans, could be
utilized as a way of achieving
enlightenment

Ancient India

The Kama Sutra or love

science (1st -6th century) was
intended as both an exploration
of human desire, including
seduction and infidelity, and a
technical guide to pleasing a
sexual partner within a
marriage.

Ancient Japan
Eroticism is treated as a central part of the
esthetic life of members of the nobility.
Women were expected to be highly
subservient to men.
Their husbands, on the other hand, might
consort sexually with whomever they
chose outside of the family.

Ancient Greece

500 BC 300 BC

Openly expressed
sexual interests

Men and women viewed

as bisexual

Male-male sex is
normal

Greeks- continued

Greek myths tell of the

mysterious school for women
on the island of Lesbos.

Prostitution flourished at
every level of society, from
Courtesans (lady of the
court)to
Concubines(secondary wife
of inferior status).

Wives are property of their

husbands

Greeks- continued

Few male-male
relationships socially
acceptable-

Pederasty(sexual love of
boys).

Parents were pleased if

their sons attracted a
socially prominent older
male as a mentor

The Ancient Romans

Sexual excesses (orgies)

common among
emperors and ruling
families.

Male-male sex regarded

as a threat to society

Women given more

power, but still property
of husbands.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=hWaCx2H6hZg&feature=results_video&
playnext=1&list=PL67EFE5FD383EAED8

Critical Thinking Questions

What do all these civilizations have in

common?
Patriarchy?

Were these civilizations immoral, amoral,

or just differently moral?

More Recent Historical Periods

Victorian Era
The United States

The 18th Century

All sexual behaviors

deemed sinful by
Christianity were causal
factors for illnesses.

The great age medical

systems

Medical field lacks

knowledge of microbes,
viruses, and pathology.

Victorian Sexuality

Named after Queen Victoria of England (1837-1901)

marked a period of extremely conservative sexual views,
especially for women.
Prostitution was considered a social evil.
Masturbation, the solitary vice or onanism, emerged as
an epidemic, especially amongst children.

Nineteenth Century Anti-masturbation Devices

A Sexual History Time Line in

the United States

1600-1800s-married women were

considered property of their
husband.
1846- U.S. patent issued for first
diaphragm contraceptive.
1873-Congress passes Comstock
Act outlawing distribution of
contraception information and
devices
1908-Sigmund Freud introduces
the U.S. to his theories of sex as
primary driving force in human
nature
1916-Margaret Sanger opens first
birth control clinic in New York

A Sexual History Time Line in

the United States (cont)

1920s-Introduction of automobiles leads

to the practice of dating.
1920-The right to vote is extended to
women in the U.S.
1923-John Kellogg promotes plain foods
such as corn flakes to prevent sexual
feelings and discourage masturbation.
1936-U.S. Federal Court overturns
Comstock Acts anti-contraception laws
1942-Planned Parenthood founded
1950-Existence of G-spot suggested by
Ernst Grafenberg.

A Sexual History Time Line in

the United States (cont)

1960-FDA approves first oral

contraceptive, The Pill.
1960s-Sexual revolution begins
1960s-Womens Rights Movement
1966- National Organization of
Women is founded
1966-Human Sexual Response by
Masters and Johnson
is published.
1969-Huge rock concert at
Woodstock marks culmination
of hippie free love.
1969-Stonewall riots in New York
mark the birth of gay
rights movement.

A Sexual History Time Line in

the United States (cont)

1973-Roe v. Wade, declares a

womans right to an abortion
nationwide.
1973- American Psychiatric
Association removes
homosexuality from its list of
psychiatric disorders in the
DSM II
1979-California first state to
classify forced sex by
husband on wife as rape.

A Sexual History Time Line in

the United States (cont)

1981-First unexplained deaths

from unusual infections among
gay men, Gay-related Immune
Deficiency.
1983-Human
immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS) is isolated.
1991-The worldwide web is
developed revolutionizing the
way people access
pornography

A Sexual History Time Line in

the United States (cont)

1993-President Clinton institutes the

dont ask, dont tell
policy allowing homosexuals to serve in
the military.
1998-Emergency Contraception, the
morning-after pill
approved for sale without prescription.
1998-Viagra approved by FDA for
treatment of erectile disorder.
2003-The U.S. Supreme Court strikes
down all Texas sodomy laws.

A Sexual History Time Line in

the United States (cont)

2002-The rape drugs

become major problem in
college campuses.
2004-First same-sex
marriage licenses are
issued in San Francisco.
2004- President Bush
calls for U.S.
constitutional Amendment
banning same-sex
marriage.
2006- Vaccine against
HPV is approved by FDA.

Sex Information/Advice Genre

Advice as entertainment

Primary purpose is sales, not

accuracy

Media must entertain

Focus is on information and

morality

Gives appearance of being

scientific

Misleading use of statistics

Sex and Religion

All major religions devote a great

deal of energy to the regulation
of human sexual behavior.
The purpose of sex, premarital
sex, extramarital sex, nonprocreational sex,
homosexuality, contraception,
abortion, divorce, gender
relations, are all among issues
that all majors religion address,
sometimes coming to different
answers.

Major Religions and Sexuality

Hinduism
Buddhism
Judaism
Christianity
Islam

Hinduism

Hinduism has a healthy, unrepressed outlook on

human sexuality, and sexual pleasure, is part of
kama, one of the four goals of life.

Hindu scripture does not address issues of birth

control, sterilization, masturbation, homosexuality,
bisexuality, petting, and polygamy, neither calling
them sins nor encouraging their practices.

The two important exceptions to this

understanding view of sexual experience are
adultery and abortion, both of which are
considered to carry heavy karmic implications for
this and future births.

Buddhism
Five Precepts:
1.
Refrain from killing
2.
Refrain from stealing
3.
Refrain from illicit sexual relations (adultery,
rape, exploitation, etc)
4.
Refrain from wrong speech and
5.
Refrain from intoxicants (drugs and alcohol).

Divorce is allowed if the parties are not in a

loving relationship.

Homosexuality is usually tolerated although

not encouraged.

Celibacy for monks and nuns is mandated

Judaism

Women are to be subservient

to men.

Marriage and children are held

in high regard by Judaism.

Singleness is heavily
disapproved of even for
religious leaders.

Divorce is allowed.

Homosexuality is considered a
sin by most sects of Judaism.

The Story of Onan

Clearly, Onan was punished

for disobeying God rather
than for engaging in coitus
interruptus.
The term Onanism became
a catchall to condemn
masturbation and prohibit all
forms of non-procreative sex.

The Story of Onan

Onan refused to follow the law

of marrying his deceased
brothers wife and impregnating
her if she was without children.
When he spilled his seed upon
the ground rather than
impregnate her, he was struck
dead by God
Genesis 38: 7-10

Christianity

Temptations of the flesh are distractions from

spiritual devotion to God. Historically the purpose of
sex was primarily for reproduction.
The role of women has historically been subservient
to that of men.
Major differences among different Christian sects
exit.
Most Christian churches accept contraception but
not abortion.
Most Christians churches accept divorce.
Most Christian churches condemn homosexuality.
The Catholic Church, one of the most conservative
of Christian churches, does not accept
contraception, abortion, homosexuality or divorce.

Islam

Adultery, which includes premarital

sex is heavily condemned and
punished.
Sexual satisfaction is a womans
entitlement and a woman may even
divorce a husband if he does not
please her.
Polygamy is accepted as the
exception rather than the rule.
The men are made responsible for
the women, and may resort to beating
them if they do not obey.

Surah 4:34-35

Critical thinking question

Are

we a puritanical
conservative country or hypersexualized morally loose nation?

Opinions, Biases, and

Stereotypes

Opinion - an
unsubstantiated belief
Bias - personal
leaning or inclination
Stereotype - set of
simplistic, rigidly held,
over generalized
beliefs

Sex Research Methods

Different
methodological
approaches:

Clinical research

Survey research

Observational research

Experimental research

Limitations of Clinical Research

Is descriptive. Can not

conclude cause and
effect

Focuses largely on
pathological behavior

Limitations of Survey
Research

Survey tools do not allow in depth

responses.
Dependent on self reporting
Interviewers may create biases in
presentation of questions
Interviewers gender or other
characteristics may influence responses

Limitations of Observational
Research

Ethical concerns with

observing sexual
behavior
Most studies occur in
non natural
environments (labs)
Participants are aware
that they are being
observed

Experimental Research

Variables - aspects/factors that can

be manipulated

Independent Variables- factors that

cause or explain a phenomena

Dependent Variables- factors that

are influenced by the independent
variables. The phenomena for
which explanations are being
sought.

The Sex Researchers

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Believed a person
could change
behaviors by bringing
unconscious motives
into consciousness.
Father of
psychoanalysis
Sexuality begins at
birth

Personality Theory

3 integrated parts
The

Id: instincts driven by

libido
The Ego: deals with reality
The Superego: individuals
morals

Freudian Principles

pleasure principle- organisms

seek pleasure and avoid pain

reality principle- the control

the external world exerts on an
organism- postpones pleasure

moral principle- an
internalization of societal
demands

Freuds 5 Stages of Pyschosexual

Development

Stage 1- oral stage -birth to

age 1
Stage 2- anal stage- ages 1 3
Stage 3- phallic stage- ages 3
5
Stage 4- latency stage ages
6 puberty
Stage 5- genital stageadolescents

Alfred Kinsey (1894-1956)

Kinsey did extensive research

on sexual diversity and
variation, and masturbation

Published The Kinsey Reports

Demonstrated a great
discrepancy between public
standards and actual sexual
behaviors

Noted immense diversity in

individual sexual behaviors

Famous Surveys:
The Kinsey Reports
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and
Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953)

The 2004 film Kinsey (photo right) reintroduced the world to the life and work of pioneering sex survey
researcher, Alfred Kinsey seated in the real-life photo (left). Although we must always be cautious about
interpreting Hollywoods version of historical events, Kinsey provides a fascinating glimpse into one of the
most influential figures in the history of sexuality research. In the late 1940s and early 1950s when Kinsey
was gathering his data about the sexual behavior of men and women in the United States, attitudes about
sex were generally quite restrictive. A scene in the film shows government agents seizing a package of
Kinseys research materials, claiming they were obscene. Not only did Kinsey pioneer the survey method
of sexuality research, but he did so with convictionsome might say couragein the highly non-supportive
social and political environment of the time.

Alfred Kinsey (1894-1956)

Suggested 3 main
points regarding
masturbation:

It is harmless
It is not a substitute for
intercourse
It is a more reliable source
of orgasm for women, and
its practice facilitates a
womans ability to become
orgasmic during
intercourse

Alfred Kinsey (1894-1956)

Reported that many people had same sex
sexual experiences

(50% male, 28% female)

Submitted that sexual preference could
change- sexuality is fluid

Sexual acts alone do not make a person gay,

lesbian, etc.

Rejected the ideas of homosexual and

heterosexual identities

Advocated for tolerance of sexual differences

Devised the Kinsey Scale

Major criticisms of Kinsey

Defined sexual
behavior as only acts
leading to orgasmonly used quantitative
data
Ignored psychological
elements of sexuality

William Masters and Virginia

Johnson-(1950s

Studied sexual response cycle

Used observational data and direct measurement of
genital changes with electronic devices
Published Human Sexual Response:

Male and female physiological sexual responses are

similar.

Women achieve orgasm mainly through clitoral stimulationnot vaginal penetration (legitimized female masturbation)

Revolutionized sex therapy with the use of Behavioral

Therapy to treat sexual problems

Masters and Johnson

http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=aZcYTCo-D9s