Section Outline

Section 8-1

81 Energy and Life

A. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
B. Sunlight
C. Chemical Energy and ATP
1. Storing Energy
2. Releasing Energy
D. Using Biochemical Energy

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Which cell processes require energy?

cell division? yes
Movement of cilia or flagella? yes
Active transport? yes
Production of proteins? yes
Digestion? yes
Circulation? Yes
Some that wouldnt would be passive transport
where you dont supply ATP for the process to happen

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ATP
Section 8-1

Adenine

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Ribose

3 Phosphate groups

Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery

Section 8-1

ADP

ATP

Energy

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate

Partially
charged
battery

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Energy

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Fully
charged
battery

Chemical energy and ATP

Energy is ABSORBED or STORED when ADP
reacts or bonds with a phosphate group to form ATP

Energy is RELEASED when a Phosphate group is

removed from ATP to become ADP

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Biochemical Energy
Most cells contain only small amounts of ATP
which is enough for a few seconds of activity.
ATP is NOT good for diffusion (passive transport)
ATP is NOT good for storing a lot of energy

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How do cells get the energy stored in ATP?

After ATP is broken down
One phosphate group breaks off the end of the ATP
molecule, energy is released from the chemical bonds
for use by the cells, and ADP is left.

Remember Energy is stored in the chemical bonds

of ATP!
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Review of ATP
1. What does at ATP molecule consist of?
[Adenine+ribose] Adenosine + 3 phosphate groups

2. What do the lines between these parts of the

molecule represent? Chemical bonds
3. What would be the result if the 3rd phosphate group
were removed? Energy is release when the bond is broken
and ADP is formed

4. What is the difference between ADP and ATP? ADP

has 2 phosphate groups, ATP has 3 phosphate groups
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Section Outline
Section 8-2

82 Photosynthesis: An Overview
A. Investigating Photosynthesis
1. Van Helmonts Experiment
Trees get their mass from water

2. Priestleys Experiment
Plants release oxygen

3. Jan Ingenhousz light is needed to make oxygen

B. The Photosynthesis Equation
C. Light and Pigments

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The Photosynthesis Equation

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight + chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2

Reactants:
Products:

carbon dioxide and water

glucose and oxygen

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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is divided into two parts or
phases
1.The light-dependent reactions (which
take place in the thylakoids)
2.The Calvin Cycle (light independent
reactions taking place in the stroma)
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Light and pigments

Pigments absorb sunlight to provide energy
for energy-containing molecules.
Chlorophyll is a plant pigment that looks
green because it reflects light in the green
region of sunlight.
Chlorophyll absorbs light in the blue and
red regions of sunlight.
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Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption

Section 8-2

Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b

Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a

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YO

Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products

Section 8-2

Light Energy

Chloroplast
CO2 + H2O

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Sugars + O2

Energy carrier NADP+

Where is it found?

It is a product of the Calvin

cycle, found in the stroma, and used in the light
dependent reactions

What is its job?

It is a carrier molecule which

accepts 2 high-energy electrons from sunlight to
produce NADPH which stores the energy in a chemical
form.
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Go to
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Photosynthesis is within a chloroplast!

Photosystems- clusters of chlorophyll and other
pigments

What is a photosystem?
collecting units of the chloroplasts

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They are the light-

Concept Map
Section 8-3

Photosynthesis
includes

Lightdependent
reactions

Calvin cycle

use

take place in

Energy from
sunlight

Thylakoid
membranes

to produce

ATP

NADPH

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O2

takes place in

Stroma

uses

ATP

NADPH

of

to produce

Chloroplasts

High-energy
sugars

Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview

Section 8-3

Light

CO2
Chloroplast

Chloroplast

NADP+
ADP + P
LightDependent
Reactions

O2
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Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH

Sugars

During photosynthesis.
The raw materials are carbon dioxide + water
The end products are glucose + oxygen
The source of energy is sunlight.
The source of carbon dioxide is the atmosphere
The source of water is in thylakoids originally taken in from plants roots
What happens to oxygen? Its a byproduct released to the atmosphere.

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During the light dependent reactions

What is the energy source? sunlight
What reactant is necessary? water
What compounds are produced? Oxygen, ATP and NADPH
Where does the oxygen come from? It splits off from the water
molecule during the process of photolysis

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During the Calvin cycle.

What is the principal reactant? Carbon dioxide
What is the principal product? sugars
What energy compounds are returned to the light reactions
step? NADP + ADP

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Goal of the light dependent reactions

To use energy from sunlight and trap it into a chemical form
(such as ATP and NADPH)
What about the water? It is split through the process of
photolysis, releasing oxygen to the atmosphere.

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Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions

Section 8-3

Photosystem II

Hydrogen
Ion Movement

Chloroplast
ATP synthase

Inner
Thylakoid
Space

Thylakoid
Membrane

Stroma

Electron
Transport Chain

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Photosystem I

ATP Formation

Light dependent reactions-Photosystems I and II

Photosystem I- pigments use energy from light to re-energize
the electrons so that they can make NADPH for the Calvin
cycle.
Photosystem II- energy from light is absorbed by chlorophyll
and transferred to electrons, and then these electrons enter the
transport chain. Photolysis makes water break into hydrogen
ions and oxygen
Which photosystem occurs first? 2!!

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Electron Transport Train

A series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid
membranes of the chloroplast transport the high-energy
electrons from Photosystem 2 to Photosystem 1.
The photosystems contain pigments (light absorbing
molecules) that transfer energy from sunlight into
chemical bonds

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Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle

Section 8-3

CO2 Enters the Cycle

Energy Input

ChloropIast
5-Carbon
Molecules
Regenerated
6-Carbon Sugar
Produced
Sugars and other compounds
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Factors affecting photosynthesis

Amount of water (Dry conditions slow or stop it).
1. Temperature (Enzymes function best between 0C and 35C)
2. The greater the light intensity, the greater the rate of
photosynthesis

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