PUMP

Pump is a mechanical device that converts mechanical power into hydraulic

energy.
Function of Pump:
Pump enables a liquid to:
. Flow from a region or low pressure to one of high pressure
. Flow from a low level to a higher level
. Flow at a faster rate
Applications:
Drainage System
Agriculture and Irrigation system
Tube wells
Oil pumps

Types of Pump
There are two main categories of pump
Dynamic Pressure Pumps.
Positive Displacement Pumps.
Difference between dynamic pressure and positive displacement pump:
Dynamic pump imparts velocity energy to the fluid, which is converted to
pressure energy upon exiting the pump casing
Positive displacement pump moves a fixed volume of fluid within the
pump casing by applying a force to moveable boundaries containing the
fluid volume.

Positive Displacement
Pump

Dynamic Pressure

Classification of Pumps
PUMP
Dynamic
Pressure
Pump

Positive
Displacement

Centrifug
al
Reciprocatin
g

Rotary
Axial flow
Mixed
flow

Gear

Turbine

Piston

Lobe

Diaphrag
m

Sliding
Vane

Plunger

Screw

Parameters for the Selection of Pump

Some of the parameters that decide the selection of pump are:
Pressure and capacity of liquid being handled
Speed of rotation and power requirement
Properties such as viscosity, corrosiveness etc of fluid
Availability of space for positioning of pump
Initial and maintenance cost

Parameters for the Selection of Pump

Parameter

Centrifugal
Pumps

Reciprocating
Pumps

Rotary
Pumps

Optimum Flow and

Pressure
Applications

Medium/High
Capacity,
Low/Medium
Pressure

Low Capacity,
High Pressure

Low/Medium
Capacity,
Low/Medium
Pressure

Maximum Flow
Rate

100,000+ GPM

10,000+ GPM

10,000+ GPM

6,000+ PSI

100,000+ PSI

4,000+ PSI

Space
Considerations

Requires Less
Space

Requires More Space

Requires Less
Space

Costs

Lower Initial
Lower
Maintenance
Higher Power

Higher Initial
Higher Maintenance
Lower Power

Lower Initial
Lower
Maintenance
Lower Power

Maximum Pressure

Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal Pump can be defined as a mechanical device used to transfer
liquid

Converts the energy provided by a prime mover, such as an electric motor,

steam turbine or gasoline engine to energy within the liquid being pumped

Working of Centrifugal Pump

Centrifugal pumps works on principle of centrifugal force.
It has a rotating impeller also known as a blade that is immersed in the
liquid.
Liquid enters the pump near the axis of the impeller and the rotating
impeller sweeps the liquid out toward the ends of the impeller blades at
high pressure.

Components of Centrifugal Pump

1.

Impeller

2.

Casing

3.

Drive Mechanism

4.

Pump Shaft

Components of Centrifugal Pump

1. Impeller is a rotating component of a centrifugal pump which transfers
energy from the motor that drives the pump to the fluid being pumped.
. Thicker the impeller - More fluid
. Larger the diameter - More pressure
. Increase the speed - More water and pressure

Eye of the
Impeller
Water
Entrance

Thickness
of the impeller
Diameter of
the Impeller

Components of Pump
Impeller is classified into three types depending upon impeller vanes
Forward Vanes: Vanes are in the direction of motion of impeller
Backward Vanes: Vanes are opposite to the direction of motion of
impeller
Radial Vanes: Vanes are straight

Radial vanes

Backward vanes

Forward vanes

Components of Centrifugal Pump

2. Casing is a stationary part of the pump that receives the fluid being
pump by the impeller
Casing generally are two types:
. Volute Casing:
It is used for a higher head. A volute is a curved funnel increasing in area
to the discharge port.
. Circular Casing:
It is used for low head and high capacity. It has stationary diffusion vanes
surrounding the impeller periphery that convert velocity energy to
pressure energy.
Volute

Impeller

Suction

Components of Centrifugal Pump

3. Drive Mechanism provides energy to the impeller. It can be electric
motor ,steam engine or gasoline engine.

4. Pump Shaft transmits power from prime mover to the pump impeller.

Pump Configuration
Pump may be connected in series or parallel.

1. Series Pump
Pump is said to be connected in series if the discharge of one pump is
connected to the suction side of a second pump.
It produces same flow rate but higher head.

Pump Configuration
2. Parallel Pump
Two or more pumps are connected to a common discharge line, and share the
same suction conditions
It produces same head but high flow rate.

Affinity Law
Affinity Law of centrifugal pump indicates the influence on flow rate,
head and power consumption of a pump due to:
change in impeller speed
change in impeller diameter
Flow changes directly as a change in speed or diameter

QN
Head changes as the square of a change in speed or diameter

H N2
Horsepower changes as the cube of a change in speed or diameter

W N3

Performance Characteristic Curve

Predict the performance of pump when the pump is working under

different flow rate.

Terminologies Used in Pump

Head
is defined as height of water column.
OR

Head is the height at which a pump can raise water up

Terminologies Used in Pump

Static Suction Head is head on the suction side, with pump off.
Static Discharge Head is head on discharge side of pump, with the pump
off.
Dynamic Suction Head is head on suction side of pump with pump on.
Dynamic Discharge Head is head on discharge side of pump with pump
on.

Terminologies Used in Pump

Pressure Head is measure of fluids potential energy.

Velocity Head is measure of fluids kinetic energy.

Friction Head is measure of energy loss that heats fluid .

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) defines the pressure required at the
suction of a pump to prevent cavitation

Manometric Head is defined as the change in total energy head produced

by the pump when fluid moves through it

Losses and Efficiencies

1.
Efficiency are the losses the occur between the suction and
Hydraulic

the delivery ends of a pump.

h

Pump' s Total Head ( H )

Euler Head ( H e )

Hydraulic efficiency varies from 0.6 to 0.9.

2. Volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the actual discharge to the total

discharge.

Q
Q Q

Q = Amount of discharge
Q = Amount of leakage.
Its value lies between 0.97 and 0.98

3. Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of the actual power input to the

impeller and the power given to the shaft.
m
P = Total power input to the shaft
P = Mechanical losses
Its value lies between 95% - 98%.

Losses and Efficiencies

4. Overall Efficiency is the ratio of the total head developed by a pump
to the total power input to the shaft.
m

Power in to the impeller

Power at the shaft

Range of overall efficiency is between 0.71 to 0.86.

o m v h

Sizing of Pump
To size a pump, you must define:
Flow rate of liquid the pump is required to deliver
Total differential head the pump must generate to deliver the required flow
rate

Flow Rate
Determined by the process in which the pump is installed.
Defined by the mass and energy balance of the process.

Total Differential Head

The total differential head is made up of 2 components.
Total differential head = static head difference + frictional head losses

Sizing of Pump
Static Head Difference
Difference in head between the discharge static head and the suction static
head.
Static head difference = discharge static head suction static head

Sizing of Pump
Suction Static Head
The suction static head is sum of the gas pressure at the surface of the liquid in
the suction vessel and the difference in elevation between the surface of the
liquid in the suction vessel and the center line of the pump.
Suction static head = Suction vessel gas pressure head + elevation of suction vessel
liquid surface elevation of pump center line

Sizing of Pump
Discharge Static Head
Discharge static head = Discharge vessel gas pressure head + elevation of
discharge pipe outlet elevation of pump center line

The discharge pipe outlet may be above the surface of the liquid in the
discharge vessel or it may be submerged as shown in these two diagrams.

Sizing of Pump
Frictional Head Losses
The frictional head losses are usually calculated from the Darcy-Weisbach
equation using friction factors and fittings factors to calculate the pressure loss
in pipes and fittings.

Frictional head losses = frictional losses in suction piping system + frictional

losses in discharge piping system

Sizing of Pump
Net Positive Suction Head Available
Net positive suction head available (NPSHa) must exceed the net positive
suction head required (NPSHr) for that particular pump.
NPSHr is given by the pump manufacturer
Net positive suction head available = absolute pressure head at the pump
suction liquid vapor pressure head

Pump Power
Pumps are usually driven by electric motors, diesel engines or steam
turbines. Determining the power required is essential to sizing the pump
driver.
Pump power = flow rate x total differential head x liquid density x acceleration
due to gravity / pump efficiency

Example:

Sizing of Pump

Water Flow Rate:30000 kg/hr

Water Temperature:20C
Water Density :998 kg/m3
Vapor Pressure :0.023bara
Water Viscosity:1cP
Pump efficiency is 70%

Calculation:

Pump Problems and Troubleshooting

Cavitation
Cavitation occurs when the pressure falls below the vapor pressure of the
liquid at a given temperature, small bubbles of vapor are formed.
Vapors implode when they are transported to an area of high pressure

Pump Problems and Troubleshooting

Mechanism of Cavitation

Pump Problems and Troubleshooting

Damage to Pump Parts

Pump Problems and Troubleshooting

Priming
Priming is the process of filling the impeller of centrifugal pump with water .
Required when there is a first start up.
Pump casing becomes filled with vapors or gases, the pump impeller
becomes gas-bound and incapable of pumping.

Pump Problems and

Troubleshooting

References

Pump Wisdom by Heinz . P . Bloch

Improving Pumping System Performance A Source Book for Industry2nd Edition

Centrifugal Pump Design and Applications 2nd Edition