Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Objective
Category
Network Planning Information Gathering
Capacity Planning
Coverage Planning
Site Distribution & Survey
Coverage Emulation
Frequency Planning
Diagnosis
Wave
demand
analysis
Frequency
limited
KPI
Capacity
redundancy
frequency
used
traffic
and other
distributing
requirements
usable
ratio
bandwidth
and
frequency
Coverage
Traffic Model
data traffic
planning
distributing
data traffic
area size
ratio
traffic
band
demand and
frequency
system
resources
capacity
existing
website
number and
site
voice traffic
model
scheme of
operators/
User type
and rate of
model
traffic
Other
configuration
transmitting
ambience
electronic
map exists
or bought?
Microsoft Excel
Inadequate
info
Catalog
Network planning information collection
Capacity planning
Coverage planning
Site distribution and survey
Coverage emulation
Frequency planning
Capacity Planning
Basic concepts
Traffic is the total of telephone calls on one group of lines or trunk. Busy-hour traffic A
is the maximum traffic on the busiest hour of system or line. A= a * b * t. Of which, a is
Traffic
everyday call times (originating and terminating) per user , b is busy-hour to day
volume
Suppose one user has calls for 6 times per day, each time lasts 2 minutes and b is 0.15.
therefore, A=0.03Erl
Traffic model is the fundamental of radio network planning that defines the value
Traffic
of important parameters that may affect system capacity including average busy-hour
model
Erland
...
One Erlang refers to the traffic load either when a circuit is fully occupied for
a hour or when two circuits are fully occupied for half an hour.
Call loss refers to calls dropped when the channels in one mobile
Call
...
loss
rate
telecommunication system are exhausted, then call cant be put through and thus got
lost. Its also called blocked call. Radio call loss rate GOS is call block rate.
According to the rules in Public Mobile Telephone Network Technology System, radio
channel loss rate is less than 5% and less than 2% in traffic-dense area.
Erlang B
table
Defines the relation between call loss, channel number and traffic
volume.
Capacity Planning
Get capacity
distributing rate
Site distribution
Get number of
estimated site
configured
Network size
Reach target in
accordance with
capacity planning
Capacity Planning
1
System capacity demand. That is, how many users in the system and how heavy the traffic is?
Equipment type: V2/V3? Model? Indoor or outdoor? DPCT applied in V3 or not? Rate of adopting
DPCT?
Is data service required? EDG frequency? Data service penetration rate? Traffic model of data
service?
What is frequency resource range ? Is there frequency that are prohibited? Maximum site
configuration is?
Make forecast and investigation of traffic density distribution and define capacity distributing rate.
return
Capacity planning
2
Traffic
are mostly in big and medium-sized cities and especially in the downtown of the
city. Even in this area, there are denser traffic areas. So if these factor are not taken into
consideration during network construction, it will lead to the waste of equipment resource in
mean-traffic area and inadequacy of dense-traffic capacity and thus affects network
investment profit and service quality.
Traffic
service levels based on forecast and survey of traffic density distribution and use it as the
foundation in site distributing planning.
how many phases and what is the ratio of users in
each phase
what is the planning area range and the traffic
distributing ratio in DU/MU/SU/RU.
Provide existing sites and their configuration and
performance statistics report data
Capacity planning
2
Topographic features
Average height of surrounding buildings is more than 30 metres (over 10 storey) and average
distance between buildings is 10-20 metres. Usually the buildings are crowded around the site
with the height of 10-20 stories and the ambient roads are not considerablly wide.
Average height of surrounding buildings is about 15-30 metres (5-9 storey) and average distance
urban
between buildings is 10-20 metres. The buildings are evenly distributed around the site. Mostly
are below 9 stories and some are over 9 stories and the ambient roads are not considerably wide.
Average height of surrounding buildings is about 10-15 metres (3-5 storey) and average distance
suburb
between buildings is 30-50 metres. The buildings are evenly distributed around the site. Mostly
are 3-4 stories and some are over 4 stories. Roads around are wide.
rural
Average height of surrounding buildings is below 10 metres. They are dispersed and
mainly are 1-2 storey high. There are spacious space between.
Capacity Planning
2
Distribution Features
Traffic is heavy and rate shall be high,
Dense urban
Radio transmitting
development
Mean urban
suburb
rural
return
Capacity Planning
3
Estimate maximum configuration and capacity of each site based on frequency resources and
frequency reusing mode. Total traffic volume divided by site capacity is site number.
Channel number (service channel number and control channel number) of a cell or site as
well as their traffic volume and user number.
Network Scale
Total Traffic
Coverage Planning
Traffic volume &
distributing ratio
Site configuration
& number
Start
Frequency reuse
method
Frequency resources
Channel planning
& data service
Maximum
configuration
Capacity Planning
3
Capacity planning is to
add or reduce sites based
on radio coverage
planning and analysis.
Capacity
Planning
Network
Scale
Capacity planning is a
Coverage
Planning
Catalog
Network Planning Information Gathering
Capacity Planning
Coverage Planning
Site Distribution & Survey
Coverage Emulation
Frequency Planning
Coverage Planning
Process
2
Set network
parameter
Set parameter
Link budget
Coverage radius
estimate
Get estimated
coverage radius of
each site
Get information of
distribution as well
as latitude &
longitude of sites
Network scale
Coverage Planning
1
Equipment type: V2 or V3? Model? Indoor or outdoor? Apply DPCT in V3? DPCT ratio?
Carrier Transmission power is 40W 60W 80W? Are data service required? EDGE carrier
frequency
Antenna model: antenna gains, horizontal and vertical beam width, antenna downtilt,
polarization mode and electrical downtilt etc.
Maximum site configuration is? Are there special requirements toward configuration of
combining and distribution unit?
What is KPI? What is level and area coverage rate? Which new technology will be
adopted in V3 site, DDT? IRC? or FWDR?
return
Coverage Planning
2
Link Budget
transmission, evaluate the coverage capacity of the system and get maximum
transmission loss allowed by the link with call quality ensured.
Object: Purpose of analysis and computing of both uplink and downlink power is to get
maximum available power of the site, avoid invalid downlink coverage, reduce
interference and system noise, which lays a foundation for quality service.
Get allowable maximum indoor & outdoor path loss of uplink and downlink according to
budget of uplink and downlink.
The smaller of allowable maximum indoor & outdoor path loss of uplink and downlink is
considered to be the allowed maximum indoor & outdoor path loss of the same efficiency
and set it to be the loss when estimating radius coverage.
Uplink
Downlink
Coverage Planning
2
Link budget
Antenna
gain
Feeder loss
PA
Fading
margin
Transmissio
n loss
Penetration
loss
MS power
Site
sensitivity
Put it in a simple way, link budget is the computing of loss and gains on one
telecommunication link.
Body
loss
Coverage Planning
2
Link Budget
template
Microsoft Excel
Margin
Losses
Path loss Building
penetration loss
Body loss
Apartment Feeder and
connector loss
loss
Vegetation Combiner and
splitter loss
loss
reservation
Gains
Site antenna gain
MS antenna gain
TMA gain
Coverage Planning
2
equipment
Link Budget
margin reservation
link
budget
losses
gains
Power class
DCS 1800
PCS 1900
Maximum output
Nominal Maximum
Nominal Maximum
power
output power
output power
1 W (30 dBm)
1 W (30 dBm)
1
2
8 W (39 dBm)
5 W (37 dBm)
4 W (36 dBm)
2 W (33 dBm)
2 W (33 dBm)
Coverage Planning
2
Equipment
Link Budget
Series
Moduling mode
Transmission power
Reception sensibility
GMSK
60 W
47.78 dBm
8PSK
31 W
45 dBm
112 dBm
S18/18/18
GMSK
60 W
47.78 dBm
8PSK
31 W
45 dBm
112 dBm
S12/12/12
GMSK
30 W
44.78 dBm
8PSK
20 W
43 dBm
-110 dBm
S2/2/2 or O6
GMSK
40W
46 dBm
-110 dBm
S12/12/12
GMSK
80W
49 dBm
-110 dBm
S6/6/6
8PSK
30W
44.78 dBm
-110 dBm
S12/12/12
(EDGE
)
GMSK
60W
47.7 dBm
-110 dBm
S12/12/12
OB06
GMSK
40W
46 dBm
-110 dBm
S6/6/6
BS30
GMSK
40W
46 dBm
-110 dBm
S2/2/2
GMSK
40W
46 dBm
-110 dBm
S2/2/2
GMSK
80W
49 dBm
112 dBm
S1/1/1
B8018
BTS V3
B8112
M8202
BTS V2
BS21
Coverage Planning
2
Link Budget
equipment
Margin resservation
budget
losses
gains
Path
loss
Body loss
Compartment loss
Vegetation loss
Building penetration loss
Feeder and connector loss
Combining and distributing unit loss
Coverage Planning
2
Link Budget
Losses
Path loss
Radio wave loss caused by the transmission distance.
Body loss
When the phone is at waist or shoulder, the signaling is lower than when antenna is several wavelength far from
body. As for voice service, body is supposed to be 3 Db; for data service, 0dB.
Compartment loss
Usually it is 8~10dB.
Vegetation loss
Vegetation loss is related to density of the forest, leaf shape (conifer and board leave), forest height and the distance
between forest and antenna. Inside the forest, the loss of 900MHz is 0.2dB/m; the loss of 1800MHz is 0.3dB/m;
Through forest or diffraction, the loss is 20dB/dec; For there are forest around the antenna and the antenna is lower
than the forest, around 10dB
Dense urban
18 22
23 27
Mean urban
15 20
20 25
10 15
15 20
Coverage Planning
2
Link Budget
Feeder loss
Losses
Type
loss dB/100m
900M
1800/1900M
7.22
11.3
7/8 feeder
3.89
6.15
15/8 feeder
2.34
3.84
Coverage Planning
2
Link Budget
Losses
Coverage Planning
2
Link Budget
Losses
Coverage Planning
2
Link Budget
Losses
Unit (900M)
Insertion loss
CDUG
4.4dB
CEUG
3.5dB
CENG
5.3dB
CENG/2
5.3dB
ECDU
0.9-1.0dB
Unit(1800M)
Insertion loss
CDUD
4.6dB
CEUD
3.6dB
CEND
5.5dB
CEND/2
5.5dB
ECDU
0.9-1.0dB
Coverage Planning
2
Link Budget
Losses
Configuration of Carrier number, combiner & splitter and antenna in one cell in BTS V2
(80W TRX) are as follows:
TRX
number
2 TX/RX RX
CDU
RDU
CEU
Remark
2 TX/RX TX/RX
3~4
2 TX/RX TX/RX
5~6
2 TX/RX TX/RX
Coverage Planning
2
Link Budget
Losses
Configuration of Carrier number, combiner & splitter and antenna in one cell in ZXG10 B8018
TRX number
CENU
ECDU
CEU
4 2 TX/RX 2 RX
2 2 TX/RX
2 TX/RX TX/RX
2 TX/RX TX/RX
2 TX/RX TX/RX
2 TX/RX TX/RX
2 TX/RX TX/RX
2 TX/RX TX/RX
3~4
5~6
7~8
Remark
CDU
Coverage Planning
2
Link Budget
Losses
Configuration of Carrier number, combiner & splitter and antenna in one cell in ZXG10 B8112
TRX number
1
CDU
ECDU
CEU
CENU
2 2 TX/RX
2 TX/RX TX/RX
3~4
Remark
2 TX/RX TX/RX
2 TX/RX TX/RX
coverage
carrier frequency
2 TX/RX TX/RX
7~8
2 TX/RX TX/RX
9~12
2 TX/RX TX/RX
5~6
Coverage Planning
2
Link Budget
margin reservation
euipment
link
budget
losses
gains
usually is 0
condition.
Area
urban
15.5
suburb
15.5~17
rural
17~18
18~21
narrow valley
Hills and highland
17~18
MS antenna gain
remark special attention should
be paid to antenna gain in MS in
GSM WLL network
Antenna may be indoor, outside door or on
the roof. So antenna gain and height
should be examined, which will affect
coverage greatly.
TMA gain
Coverage Planning
2
Link Budget
equipment
margin reservation
Link
budget
losses
gains
Interference margin
In Gsm system, there are intra-frequency interference, inter-frequency interference,
intermodulation interference, and interference from vicinity to beyond. These interference will
affect link budget. The interference margin is generally supposed to be 3dB.
Coverage Planning
2
Link Budget
margin reservation
equipment
Link
budget
losses
gains
Marginal coverage
probability(%)
70
75
80
85
90
95
98
0.53
0.68
0.85
1.04
1.29
1.65
2.06
Coverage Planning
2
Link Budget
Parameter
Symbol
MS transmitting power
Body loss
Building loss
MS reception sensibility
MS antenna gain
TMA gain
diversity gain
Feeder loss
combiner/divider unit
loss
modified.
fading margin
noise margin
M=A-B-C-D+E+F+G-H-I-J-K-L
N=M+C
considered to be imbalance of
return
Coverage Planning
3
Coverage
radius estimate
propagation model
Okumura-Hata model
Cost231-Hata model
Universal model
Cost231-Walfish-Ikegami model
Coverage
radius
estimate
return
Coverage planning
4
Electronic map
/Mapinfo map
Planning area size
planning area
(Polygon) partition
Planning site number
Link budget
radius estimate
Input
****
Output
Site
distribution
Distribution map
Distribution info
Distribution latitude
& longitude
return
Coverage planning
4
Electronic map
Planning map
Polygon
latitude &
longitude of sites
Antenna height/direction angle
Antenna selection
Propagation model
Link budget
Existing network data
Input
****
Output
Coverage &
emulation
return
Coverage planning
5
Network scale
Capacity
planning
Network
scale
Coverage
planning
Catalog
Network planning info gathering
Capacity planning
Site distribution & survey
Coverage emulation
Frequency planning
Distribute site on
Mapinfo or PLANET/EET
requirement, ambient
construction environment,
Optical measurement
Ambient construction environment and natural environment
Spectrum measurement
Electromagnetism environment
Site survey
Installation condition of antenna and equipment
Power and transmission supply
Preparation
including
Growing trend
Site should be at the best place of regular mesh with deviation less than a quarter of the site
radius.
Select existing facilities for cost saving and period reduction purpose on the premise that it
doesnt affect site distribution.
City skirt and high-elevated hills(100 m or 300 m higher than city construction) in suburbs are
not supposed to be sites, as first to control coverage scope, second to make construction and
maintenance easier.
Newly-constructed sites should better be at place where transportation is convenient, has ample
power supply, environment is safe and has less farmland.
Avoid construct sites near high power radio transmitter, radar station or other interferer.
Pay attention to the effect of signaling reflection and dispersion when in hills, steep slopes,
dense lake area, mountainous region and high metallic buildings.
When in cities, utilize the height of the building to realize division of network hiberarchy.
There are less sites in the initial stage of network construction, so good coverage of key areas
should be guaranteed.
CDU
enable sensibility
of site reception system.
TMA is optional, and can be
selected based on system
band. CDU site can use
simplex TMA and triplex;
combiner site. Site adopting
CDU can use simplex or
duplex TMA, while site
adopting combiner can use
duplex TMA.
Function of transceiver
duplex , transmission signaling
combining, filtering and
receiving signaling filter, low
noise amplifier and splitter is
encouraged. TMA feed circuit
is provided. One unit uses one
antenna for multiple signaling
transmitting and receiving.
Feeder
For 900MHz
5/4 feeder when
feed length is over
80m
For 1800MHz
5/4 feeder when
feed length is over
50m
Antenna
Height,
direction
angle
Frequency
Feeder design
range, gain
Polarization
Horizontal and
vertical 3dB beam width
Down tilt
Frequency Range
Gain
Polarization
Horizontal/Vertical half-power beam width
Down tilt
Select the antenna according to the coverage of service area, service quality
demand, traffic distribution, and topography, coverage of the whole network
and interference condition should also be considered.
Urban area, suburb, rural area, road, mountainous area , offshore, tunnel and indoor
BTS in city
BTS in
suburb
90
b
18dBi
Rural
sites
Road
Sites
on actual condition
b
be high.
AEM design
principle
Antenna
of different
Antenna overheight will reduce coverage level near the antenna especially for omni antenna
Antenna overheight will easily cause problems affecting network quality like severe crossarea coverage, co-channel interference or adjacent-channel interference.
Design principle of Antenna direction angle
From the networks point of view, directional angel of three-sectored area of rural sites
should be the same. Adjustment of antenna directional angel can be made based on coverage
target in the neighborhood of rural and suburban area, arteries and solo site in suburb.
Antenna main lobe should direct at dense traffic area to enable signaling strength and to
elevate call quality.
Intersection coverage depth of rural adjacent sectored antennas should not exceed 10%.
Intersection coverage of suburban and commune adjacent cells shouldnt be too deep and
inclination of adjacent sectored antenna of the same site should not less than 90%.
Antenna lobe of dense rural area should avoid opposing straight street for cross-area
coverage.
Antenna beam tilt technique can control coverage range to reduce interference in the system.
Antenna downtilt angle depends on actual condition in order to reduce interference between co-frequency cells and to
guarantee coverage requirements.
Downtilt design should take sites transmission power, antenna height, cell coverage range and radio transmission
environment into consideration.
Antenna beam tilt can either use electrical or mechanical mode. Electrical tilt is fixed relating to antenna model
selected and mechanical tile is adjustable but generally not beyond limited by installation component and radio
signaling broadcasting features
Different surface radiation will be generated using electrical downtilt or mechanical mode. When downtile angle is
small, difference is small. When angle gets bigger, difference becomes more obvious
Antenna isolation
Antenna isolation degree: fading of signaling from one port of antenna to another
when antennas are installed.
For GSM system, isolation degree between two transmitting antenna and between
transmitting antenna and receiving antenna should be no less than 32 Db
Lv=28+40log(k/)(dB) (When antenna is vertically distributed)
Lv=22+20log(d/)-(G1+G2)-(S1+S2)(dB) (When antenna is horizontal distributed)
Distance between diversity antenna shall be greater when antenna is higher. Generally
distance between diversity antenna is 0.11 times of available antenna height.
To reduce the interaction of the two antennas, horizontal distance of diversity antenna
should be over 3 m with antenna at whatever available height
Catalog
Network Planning Information Collection
Capacity Planning
Coverage Planning
Site Distribution & Survey
Coverage Emulation
Frequency Planning
Coverage Emulation
Coverage Emulation
Electronic map
Planning area
Polygon
Latitude & longitude of sites
Antenna height & direction angel
Antenna model
Link budget
Existing network data
Input
****
Output
Coverage
emulation
Catalog
Network Planning Information Collection
Capacity Planning
Site Distribution & Survey
Coverage Emulation
Frequency Planning
Frequency Planning
Frequency Planning
GSM Working Frequency Band
GSM900
P-GSM900
Uplink
Downlink
Fu (n) = Fl(n) + 45
1 n 124
MHz
E-GSM900
EGSM
Uplink
Downlink
Fu (n) = Fl(n) + 45
975 n 1023
MHz
0 n 124
DCS1800
DCS1800
Uplink
Downlink
512 n 885
Frequency Planning
Frequency Planning
Definition of Interference of Co-frequency & Interference of Adjacent Frequency
C/I 9dB
Frequency Planning
Frequency Planning
GSM commonly-used frequency multiplex pattern
A1
A2
A1
A2
B1
D1
D2
B3
A1
A2
B2
C2
B2
D3
D2
B2
B3
A2
C3
A3
B1
C
(dB )
I
A1
D3
C1
C2
A3
B1
C3
D1
B3
A1
A2
C1
A3
A1
D3
C2
B1
C3
D1
D2
B3
A2
43multiplex
D1
D2
A1
D3
C1
A3
B1
A3
B1
A3
B2
24
10 log 4
(8) 2(7.2) 4
18dB
18dB>12dB
Frequency Planning
Frequency Planning
GSM commonly-used frequency multiplex pattern
A1
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
C2
B3
C1
C2
B3
B1
A3
B1
B2
B3
C2
C3
A1
A2
C3
A3
B1
B2
A1
A2
C1
C2
C1
B3
C1
A3
B2
A1
C3
A3
A2
C3
A2
A1
A2
C1
A3
33multiplex
B3
C1
C
(dB )
I
2 4
10 log
2(7) 4 2(5.57) 4
13.3dB
13.3dB>12dB
Frequency Planning
Control channel planning
Generally, we can get the maximum site configuration according to frequency resource and selected
frequency multiplex. In planning , select suitable site configuration. Control channel number can be
gotten using ERL B table.
Frequency Planning
PDCH Planning
Fix traffic model of data service
GPRS
user (%)
20%
100%
220
20%
Attach percentage
10%
20%
Other
null
Frequency Planning
PDCH Planning
Fix coding mode rate of data service
GPRS coding mode
Bear velocity of Um IP
layer
Application
rate
CS-1 (Kbps)
6.4
0.2
CS-2 (Kbps)
9.41
0.3
CS-3 (Kbps)
11.11
0.3
CS-4 (Kbps)
15.09
0.2
10.454
Compute PDCH number of data service of each cell with different configuration.
data service traffic of cell user
Frequency Planning
PDCH Planning
PDCH planning data of data service
Carrier
channel
SDCCH
Control
channel
Surplus
channel
TCH user
traffic/
cell
SDCCH/4
117
2.0592
SDCCH/8
91
16
SDCCH/8
14
24
SDCCH/8
32
2*SDCCH/8
40
PDCH channel
TCH ERL
TCH user
2.28
91
1.6016
1.66
66
327
5.7552
7.4
296
22
595
10.472
13.18
527
29
841
14.8016
19.27
770
2*SDCCH/8
37
1130
19.888
25.53
1021
48
2*SDCCH/8
45
1424
25.0624
31.92
1276
56
3*SDCCH/8
52
1685
29.656
38.39
1535
64
3*SDCCH/8
60
1985
34.936
45.87
1834
Frequency Planning
TCH Planning
Basic Discipline
Carriers configured in cells in a certain site shall not be co-channel or adjacent channel.
High hill shall not be considered as neighboring site while broad water shall be considered as
neighboring site.
Concerning antenna height and complexity of transmission environment, carriers in opposite &
of nearby sites should avoid co-channel. ( );
Focus on co-channel reuse. Avoid using the same BCCH with the same BSIC in neighboring areas.
cells
Frequency Planning
TCH Planning
GSM system is centered on cells and have at most two-level handover relationship
externally.
For a stable GSM system, modify unreasonable handover cell in the planning according
There shallnt be two handover cells with the same BCCH with the same BSIC.
There shallnt be two handover cells with the same BCCH with the same BSIC
cell switch selection shallnt be two many or too little. Two level is best especially
Frequency Planning
Pay attention to the following in the process of GSM frequency planning:
Preserve frequency. When we make the frequency planning, we seldom preserve frequency especially for
frequency-lack telecom engineering. In fact, there are lots of advantages to preserve frequency such
as using as frequency in the test, as replacement frequency in the interference , as cellular
frequency in dense-traffic region. 28 frequency is used in phase 5 engineering of Chongqin Telecom
with frequency No.98
preserved. Frequency No. 98 and No. 108 will be preserved in Phase 6. At least
Allocate BCCH frequency and TCH frequency. Generally BCCH should be allocated greater continuous
frequency number.
Assign frequency to different areas. Assign frequency for sites in different areas such as urban,
suburb and rural. Focus should be put on cities to avoid interference. Make planning in urban areas
before in suburbs and rural areas. Divide urban area into different areas when there are many sites.
Check manually. Check manually after frequency assignment via automatic frequency planning. Modify
frequency assignment condition or modify frequency manually if frequency is unsuitable.
Action/reaction
info
collection
radio
network
capacity
planning
coverage
planning
site distribution
& survey
frequency
planning