FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER

SYSTEMS (EE 270)

Chapter 3
Basic Principles

Objectives

Review basic concepts and establish

terminology and notation encountered in
electric circuit theory.
Review phasors, instantaneous power,
complex power, network equations and
elementary aspects of balance threephase circuits.

Power System
Network

Three-Phase
Power Transformer

Sub-station

Distribution
Transformer

Phasors
Sinusoidal voltage or current at constant
frequency characterized by:
Phase angle
Maximum value

Instantaneous Voltage : v(t ) Vmax cos(t v )

Instantaneous Current : i (t ) I max cos(t i )

Phasors

The root-mean-square effective value

Let the rms value of
Voltage:
Current:

Vm
V
2
And let

Im
I
2

V i
8

Power in Single
Phase AC Circuit
Assume a single phase sinusoidal source supplying a load.

v(t) = instantaneous voltage

i(t) = instantaneous current

Find the instantaneous power p(t)

9

Power in Single
Phase AC Circuit

p (t ) v(t )i (t )

Vm I m cos t v cos t i
.
.
.
V I cos V I sin

Use
trigonometric
identity

cos A cos B

1
1
cos( A B ) cos( A B )
2
2
10

Power in Single
Phase AC Circuit

p (t ) v(t )i (t )
Vm I m cos t v cos t i

11

Real Power

The average power, P is also referred as

the active power or real power.
The power absorbed by the resistive
component of the load.
Standard unit: Watt

P V I cos
12

Reactive Power

The power absorbed by the reactive

component of the load.
Standard unit: var (volt-ampere reactive)

Q V I sin
13

Complex Power

The complex power, S is the product of

voltage and the conjugate of the current.
Standard unit: VA (volt-ampere)

S P jQ
S P Q
2

2
14

Complex Power

S VI *
V v I i VI v i

VI cos v i jVI sin v i

VI cos jVI sin
P jQ
15

Phasor Diagram
Purely Resistive Load

Q=0; S=P

Purely Inductive Load

P=0

Purely Capacitive Load

P=0

16

Phasor Diagram

17

Power Triangle
Purely Inductive Load

P=0, Q=+ve

Purely Capacitive Load

P=0, Q=-ve
18

Power Triangle

19

Impedance
Impedance of complex power is given by:

V
Z *
S

20

The Complex
Power Balance

The sum of real and reactive power supplied

by the source is equal to the sum of real and
reactive powers transferred to the load.
Law of energy conservation

source

Sload
21

The Complex
Power Balance

S VI V I1 I 2 I 3 VI VI 2 VI
*

*
1

*
3
22

The Complex
Power Balance
Example:

V 12000
Z1 60 j 0
Z 2 6 j12
Z 3 30 j 30
Total load complex power , S ?
23

Solution
Current at each load:

V 12000
I1

20 j 0 A
Z1
60 j 0
V 12000
I2

40 j80 A
Z2
6 j12
V 12000
I3

20 j 20 A
Z 3 30 j 30
24

Solution
Complex power absorbed at each load:

S1 VI1* 1200 20 j 0 24kW

S 2 VI 2 * 1200 40 j80 48kW j 96k var

S3 VI 3 * 1200 20 j 20 24kW j 24k var
Total load complex power:

Stotal S1 S 2 S3 96kW 72k var

25

Exercise

Two loads connected in parallel are

supplied from a single-phase 240Vrms
source. The two loads draw a total real
power of 400kW at a power factor of 0.8
lagging. One of the loads draws 120kW at a
power factor of 0.96 leading. Find the
complex power of the other load.
26

Exercise

Two impedances, Z1=0.8+j5.6 and

Z2=8-j16, and a single phase motor are
connected in parallel across a 200Vrms,
60Hz supply. The motor draws 5kVA at 0.8
pf lagging. Find S1, S2 and S3 for the motor.

27

Power Factor
Correction

PF cos
PF = 1 } unity power factor
If PF<1,
apparent power |S|>real power P
Current increase, cost of utility increase.
Major loads of the system should be near
to unity power factor.
28

Power Factor
Correction

Inductive load : lagging pf

Capacitive load : leading pf
How to fix PF? Capacitor is added to the
system (inductive load).
PF is mostly considered in industrial
consumers (using inductive load) and not
in residential and small commercial since
the power factor is near unity.
29

Power Factor
Correction

30

Power Factor
Correction

31

Exercise
Two loads Z1=100+j0 and Z2=10+j20 are
connected across a 200Vrms, 50Hz source.
(a) Find the total real and
reactive power, the power
factor at the load, and the
total current without C.
(b) Find the capacitance of the
capacitor connected
across the loads to
improve the overall power
factor to 0.8 lagging.
32

Solution (a)
Current at each load:

Power at each load:

2000
I1
20 A
100
2000
I2
8.945 63.43 A
10 j 20
S1 VI1* 2000 20
4000VA

S 2 VI 2 * 2000 8.94563.43
1.78963.43kVA
33

Solution (a)
Total real and reactive power:

S S1 S 2 4000 178963.43

400 800 j1600 1200 j1600 VA

P 1200W

Q 1600 var

Total current without C:

S * 1200 j1600
I

10 53.13 A
V*
2000

Power factor at the load:

PF cos cos 53.13 0.6 lagging

34

Solution (b)
Power at the capacitor:

P 1200Watt

new cos 0.8 36.87

Qnew P tan new
1200 tan 36.87 900 var
QC Q prev Qnew
1

1600 900 700 var

35

Solution (b)
Capacitance of the capacitor:
2

S C VI C *
V

ZC *

200 2
ZC

j 57.14
S C * j 700
1
1
C

55.7 F
2fZ C 2 50 57.14
36

Exercise
Three loads are connected in parallel across a
1400Vrms, 50Hz single-phase supply.

Load 1: Inductive load, 125kVA at 0.28 power factor

Load 2: Capacitive load, 10kW and 40kvar
Load 3: Resistive load of 15kW

(a) Find the total kW, kvar, kVA and the supply power
factor.
(b) A capacitor of negligible resistance is connected in
parallel with the above loads to improve the power
factor to 0.8 lagging. Determine the kvar rating of
this capacitor and the capacitance in F.
37

Exercise
Two loads are connected in parallel across a 200Vrms,
50Hz single-phase supply.

Load 1: 0.8 + j5.6

Load 2: 8 - j16

(a) Find the total kW, kvar, kVA and the supply power
factor.
(b) A capacitor is connected in parallel with the loads.
Find the kvar and the capacitance in F to improve
the overall power factor to unity.
(c) What is the new line current?
38

Complex Power
Flow
Need to consider two way current (i.e. From V1 to
V2 and from V2 to V1) and two way S (i.e. From V1
to V2 and from V2 to V1).
If P is negative than the P in which the source is
associated to receives/absorbs the P.
If P is positive than the P in which the source is
associated to generates/delivers the P.
If Q is negative than the Q in which the source is
associated to receives/absorbs the Q.
If Q is positive than the Q in which the source is
associated to generates/delivers the Q.
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Generator & Load

Convention
Convention

Generator
Convention

Load
Convention

P/Q

Characteristic

Delivered/
Generated

Absorbed/
Received

Absorbed/
Received

Delivered/
Generated
40

Exercise
Consider two voltage sources V1=1205V and
V2=1000V are connected by a short line of
impedance Z=1+j7. Determined the real and
reactive power supplied or received by each
source and the power loss in the line.

41

Solution
Find current which flows from V1 to V2 i.e. I12

V1 V2 120 5 1000
I12

3.135 110.02 A
Z
1 j7

Find current which flows from V2 to V1 i.e. I21

V2 V1 1000 120 5
I 21

3.13569.98 A
Z
1 j7

Find S from V1 to V2 i.e. S12

S12 V1 I12 120 5 3.135110.02 376.2105.02

*

Find S from V2 to V1 i.e. S21

*
2 21

S 21 V I

1000 3.135 69.98 313.5 69.98

42

Solution
Evaluate the source from the previous calculated S.
Based on S1:

S12 376.2105.02 97.5W j363.3 var

Source 1 receive 97.5W and delivers 363.3var.
Based on S2

S21 313.5 69.98 107.3W j 294.5 var

Source 2 generates 107.3W and receives 294.5var.
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Solution
Power loss in the line

S L S12 S 21 97.5 j 363.3 107.3 j 294.5

9.8W j 68.8 var

Check!

PL R I12 1 3.135 9.8W

2

QL X I12 7 3.135 68.8 var

2

Thus, the real power loss in the line is 9.8W and

the reactive power loss in the line is 68.6var.
44

Exercise
Two single-phase ideal voltage sources are
connected by a line of impedance of 0.7+j2.4.
V1=50016.26V and V2=5850V. Find the
complex power for each source and determine
whether they are delivering or receiving real and
reactive power. Also, find the real and the reactive
power loss in the line.

45

Review..

Power in single-phase AC
S, P, Q, p(t)
Phasor analysis/diagram
Power triangle

Complex power balance

Power factor correction
Complex power flow
Generator / Load Convention
46