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Questions
Identify the potential hazards in the workplace.
What is the difference between Safety and
Health?
What is the difference between hazards and
risks?
What are the costs of accidents?
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Type of Sector
Manufacturing
Community
social and personal
service
Wholesale, retail trade,
hotel & restaurant
Agricultural, forestry
& fishing
Other sectors
Construction
Total
Person (000)
1907.8
Labor Force%)
22.2
1787.5
20.7
1616.0
18.8
1616.5
925.9
745.9
8599.6
18.8
10.8
8.7
100
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4. Working at height
5. Musculoskeletal disorders
6. Using computers or other display screen equipment
7. Noise
8. Vibration
9. Electricity
10.Work Equipment and Machinery
11. Maintenance and building work
12.What are the risks from transport in your workplace
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Definition of accident
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4.
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Questions.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Questions..
11. Are there any established safety rules or procedures
that were clearly not being followed?
12. Where did the accident take place?
13. What was the condition of the accident
site at the time on the accident?
14. Has a similar accident occurred before? If so, were
corrective measures recommended? Were they
implemented?
15. Are there obvious solutions that would
have prevented the accident?
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Responsible supervisor?
The safety and health professional?
A higher-level manager?
An outside specialist?
Investigative team?
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Management
Man
Material
Why do accidents
Happen?
Environment
Method
Machine
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Group discussion
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Keep the scene until all pertinent evidence has been collected
or observed and recorded.
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Written notes
Sketches
Photography
Videotape
Dictated observations
Diagrams
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4. Identify witnesses
Compile a witness list.
- List in three categories :
i. Primary witnesses are eye witnesses to the
accident.
ii. Secondary witnesses - did not actually see the
accident happen, but were in the vicinity and arrived
on the scene very shortly after the accident.
iii. Tertiary witnesses are witnesses who were not
present at the time of the accident nor afterward but
may still have relevant evidence to present
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Interview witness
Removed all distractions, no interruptions and the
witness is alone.
All persons interviewed should be allowed to relate their
recollection without fear of contradiction by other
witnesses.
Select a neutral location in which witnesses will feel
comfortable.
Avoid the principal's office syndrome, by selecting a
location that is not likely to be intimidation to witnesses
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Reporting accidents
An accident investigation should culminate in a
comprehensive accident report.
The purpose of the report is to record the findings of
the accident investigation, the cause or causes of the
accident, and recommendations for corrective action.
If an accident results in the death of an employee or
hospitalization of five or more employees, a report
must be submitted to the nearest OSHA office within
48 hours. This rule applies regardless of the size of
the company.
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Reporting accidents
Accident report forms vary from company to company.
However, the information contained in them is fairly
standard.
Regardless of the type of form used, an accident
report should contain at least the information needed
to meet the record-keeping requirements set forth by
OSHA.
According to the National Safety Council this
information includes at least the following:
Case number of the accident
Victims department or unit
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Reporting accidents
Location and date of the accident or date that an
illness was first diagnosed.
Victims name, social security number, gender, age,
home address, and telephone number
Victims normal job assignment and length of
employment with the company
Victims employment status at the time of the accident
( temporary, permanent, full-time, part-time)
Case numbers and names of others injured in the
accident
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Reporting accidents
Type of injury and body part (s) injured (e.g., burn to
right hand; broken bone, lower right leg) and severity
of injury (i.e., fatal, first aid only required,
hospitalization required)
Name, address, and telephone number of the
physician called
Name, address, and telephone number of the hospital
to which the victim was taken
Phase of the victims work day when the accident
occurred (e.g., beginning of shift, during break, end of
shift, and so on)
Description of the accident and how it took place,
including step be step sequence of event leading up
to the accident
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Reporting accidents
Specific tasks and activities with which the victim was
involved at the time of the accident
Employees posture or proximity related to his or her
surroundings at the time of the accident (standing on a
ladder,)
Supervision status at the time of the accident
(unsupervised, directly supervised, indirectly
supervised)
Causes of the accident
Corrective actions that have been taken so far
Recommendations for additional corrective action
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an accident.
Do not make assumptions or jump to conclusions.
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Figure 2.3 OSHA Form 300: Log of Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses. (This form is available in larger format on
the Companion Website.)
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Case study
A metal products fabrication and assembly plant employs 250 workers
and has the following injury-illness experience for the year (workers
are employed on a regular 40-hr-workweek basis)
File 1 January 31: Press-blanking operator lacerates hand on strip
stock scrap from punch press; first aid received no medical
treatment ;worker remains on the job
File 2 February 19:Maintenance worker, not wearing eye protection,
operating grinding machine in tool room, incurs eye injury from flying
chip; medical treatment required; injury occurs on Tuesday , employee
returns to regular job at regular time on Thursday
File 3 February 27: Assembly worker becomes ill owing to noxious
odour from remodelling operation in the assembly area; receive
permission from supervisor to take the rest of the day off; does not go
to a doctor or clinic; reports to regular work on time the next day
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Hidden costs
1. Cost of wages paid for time lost by workers
who were not injured
2. Cost of damage to material or equipment
3. Cost of wages paid for time lost by the
injured worker
4. Extra cost of overtime work necessitated by
the accident
5. Cost of wages paid supervisors for time
required for activities necessitated by the
accident
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Cont..
6. Wage cost by decreased output of injured worker and
return to work
7. Cost of learning period of new worker
8. Uninsured medical cost borne by the company
9. Cost of time spent by higher supervision and clerical
workers on investigation or in the processing of
compensation application forms
10.Miscellaneous usual cost public liability claim cost,
cost of renting equipment, loss of profit on contracts
canceled or order losses..
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Figure 2.8 Direct costs of accidents (workers compensation premiums and medical insurance) represent only the tip
of the iceberg.
Recordkeeping
- important
- to observe trends
1.Traditional indexes statistical measures used :
frequency measures the number of cases per
standard quantity of workhours
severity measures the total impact of these cases
in terms of lost workdays per standard quantity
hours
seriousness ratio of severity to frequency
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2.Incidence rates
total injury illness incident rate =
# of injuries and illnesses including fatalities X 200,000
total hours worked by all employees
during the period covered
200,000 is based on the number of hours a full-time worker
typically work is ~ 50 weeks per year at 40 hours per week (40 x
50 = 2000) x 100 workers = 200000 hrs/yr
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LWDI
s & H programs
RECORDKEEPING FORMS
Standardized formats to keep records of injury and illness
a. Log of work-Related Injuries and illnesses- Basic Form OSHAs
Form 300
b. Summary of Work-Related Injuries and illnesses OSHAs Form
300A
- to be displayed and posted in a prominent place so that
employees can see what injuries and illnesses have been
recorded for the year
- employers responsibility to enter data correctly into the log
and summary
- General records are required to be saved for a period of 5 years
- person completing the form must be able to distinguish
between occupational injuries and illnesses.
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Case Study :
A worker was struck in the head and killed by the sudden movement
of a large wrench used or releasing gates on the bottom of railroad
hopper cars. The worker used a powerful, 3-to-4-foot long wrench to
trip a mechanical latch on the bottom gate of the car. The wrench was
supposed to be of a ratchet type, so that when the gate was tripped, the
tremendous weight of the bulk of material in the hopper car would not
suddenly force the wrench back on the worker. But for some reason
the ratchet wrench was not available, and workers had been using an
ordinary rigid wrench to release the latch. Only a week before the
fatality occurred, another worker had narrowly escaped the same
injury when he lost control of the same wrench in the same operation.
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Figure 2.9 OSHA Form 300 for Exercises 2.30 and 2.33. (This form is available in larger format on the Companion
Website.)
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