Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
POWER
SYSTEM PROTECTION AND
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Course Description
CHAPTER I: PROTECTION OF POWER APPARATUS &
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
General philosophy of protection Characteristic function of
protective relays basic relay elements and relay terminology
basic construction of static relays non-critical switching circuits.
Protection of generators stator phase fault protection loss of
excitation protection, generator off-line protection Transformer
protection factors affecting differential protection magnetizing
inrush current Application and connection of transformer
differential relays transformers over current protection
Example motor protection. Bus protection -line protection
classification of lines and feeders Techniques applicable for line
protection distance protection for phase faults Fault resistance
and relaying long line protection Backup remote local and
Breaker failure.
Text Book and References
1. Chunikhin, A. and Zhavoronkov, M., High Voltage Switchgear
Analysis and Design, MirPublishers, Moscow, 1989.
2. Kuffel, E., Zaengl, W.S., and Kuffel J., High Voltage Engineering
Fundamentals,
3. Newness, Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann Publishers,
New Delhi, 2000
4.Flursscheim, C.H. (Editor), Power circuit breaker-theory and
design, IEEMonograph Series 17, Peter Peregrinus Ltd.,
Southgate House, Stevenage, Herts, SC1 1HQ, England,1977..
5.Ananthakrishnan S and Guruprasad K.P., Transient Recovery
Voltage and Circuit Breakers, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Ltd., New Delhi, 1999.
CONTD
5.IEEE Standard Collection, Surge Protection
C62, 1995 Editions, (Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, Inc.), USA.
6. Funio Nakanishi, Switching Phenomena in high
voltage circuit breakers, MarcelDekker Inc.,
New York, 1991.
7. Stanley H.Horowitz (Ed), Protecting relaying
for power systems, IEEE Press, 1980.
8. Y.G. Paithankar and S.R Bhide, Fundamentals
of Power System Protection, Prentice -Hall of
India, 2003
Introduction
The protective system is very much
essential for an Electrical Power
System.
It is used to isolate the faulty
equipment from
the system and protect the other
equipments as quickly as possible.
o In case of Short circuit , the need for
a protective system is must, if not
isolated it would totally damage the
Protective system
Includes circuit breakers and
protective relays, to isolate the faulty
section of the power system from the
healthy ones.
Speed
Selectivity
Sensitivity
Reliability
Simplicity
Economic
Speed
The relay system should disconnect
the faulty section as quickly as
possible for the following reasons
improves the stability of power system.
decreases the amount of damage
caused.
decreases the possibility of
development of one type of fault into
the other more serve type.
Permits the use of rapid reclosure of
circuit breakers to restore service to
Selectivity
It is the ability of the protective
system to determine the point at
which
the
fault
occurs
and
disconnect the faulty part without
disturbing the rest of the system.
The relay should be able to detect
the point at which the fault occurs
and cause the opening of the circuit
breakers
closest
to
the
fault
minimum or no damage to the
Sensitivity
Contd
Mathematically it is expressed as
sensitivity factor Ks.
Ks = Is/ Io
Where
Ks = sensitivity factor
Is = minimum short circuit
current in the zone.
Io = minimum operating
current for the protection.
RELIABILITY
It is the ability of the relay system to
operate under the pre determined
conditions.
The failure of the protective system may
be due to the failure of any of the
elements of the system viz, protective
relay, circuit breaker, P.T, C.T Battery etc.
In order to get high reliability.
The reliability should be of the order of
above 95 percentage.
Simplicity
The relaying system should be
simple so that it can be easily
maintained.
The simpler the protection scheme,
the greater will be the reliability.
Economic
The most important factor in the
choice of a particular protection
scheme is the economic aspect.
FUNCTIONS OF PROTECTIVE
RELAY
The prefect removal of the component which is
behaving abnormally by closing the trip circuit
of circuit breaker to sound an alarm.
To disconnect the abnormally operating part
as to avoid the damage to reset of the system.
To prevent the subsequent faults by
disconnecting the abnormally operating part.
To disconnect the faulty part as quickly as
possible so as to minimize the damage to the
faulty part itself.
Causes of faults
When a fault occurs on the system,
the voltages of the three phases
become un equal.
As the fault current are large the
apparatus may get damaged.
FAULT STASTISTICS
S.NO
EQUIPMENT
1.
50
2.
Switchgear
15
3.
Transformer
12
4.
Cables
5.
% OF total
faults
10
Miscellaneous
6.
Control equipment
7.
Fault occurance
Line to Line to
Ground
2 0r less
ZONES OF PROTECTION
In a protective relaying scheme , it is
a usual practice to divide the entire
system into several protection zones.
When a fault occurs in a given zone,
then only the circuit breakers within
that zone will be opened.
This will isolate only the faulty part,
leaving the healthy circuit intact.
Types of Protection
(i) Primary Protection
(ii) Back up Protection
Primary Protection
The primary protection is the first
line of defense and is responsible to
protect all the power system
elements from all the types of faults.
The backup protection comes into
play
only
when
the
primary
protection fails.
Back up Protection
The backup protection is provided as the main
protection can fail due to many reasons like,
1. Failure in circuit breaker
2. Failure in protective relay
3. Failure in tripping circuit
4. Failure in d.c tripping voltage
5. Loss of voltage or current supply to the
relay.
Thus it the backup protection is absent and
the main protection tails then there is a
possibility of severe damage to the system.
Neutral Earthing or
Grounding
It is nothing but, the neutral point of
generator , transformer, system,
Circuit , rotating machines etc; is
connected to earth directly or
through a reactance .
The term earthing is used in U.K .
The term grounding is used in U.S.A.
Terminologies used in
Protective Relay
Protective Relay : It is an electrical relay used
for protection of electrical devices. It closes its
contacts, when operating quantity reaches certain
pre determined value. It is used to initiate isolation
of apart of circuit during abnormal conditions.
Trip Circuit : The circuit which comprises of trip
coil, relay contacts, auxiliary switch, battery
supply ,seal in coil etc which controls the circuit
breaker for opening operation.
Relay Time: The time interval between occurrence
of fault and the closure of relay contacts.
CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS
Most of the relays in service on
electrical power system are of electro
mechanical type.
They work on the following two main
operating principles
(i) Electromagnetic Attraction Relays
(ii) Electromagnetic Induction Relays
According to construction
(i) Electromagnetic Relays
(ii)Induction Relay
(iii) Electro thermal Relay
(iv) Physio electric Relay
(v) Electro dynamic Relay
(vi) Static Relay
(vii) Micro Processor Relay
Electromagnetic Relays
(a) Attracted armature type Relay
(b) Solenoid type Relay
(c) Balanced beam type Relay
(d) Moving coil type Relay
(e) Moving Iron type Relay
These relays are actuated by a.c or d.c
quantities.
Electromagnetic Induction or
Induction relays
Uses the principle of Induction motor.
Actuated by a.c. quantities only
(a)Shaded pole structure (or) Induction
disc type Relay.
(b) Watt hour meter (or) Double
winding structure type Relay.
(c) Induction Cup type Relay.
According to Application
(i) Falls below specified limit or value
(a) Under voltage Relay
(b) Under Current Relay
(c) Under Power Relay
(d) Under Frequency Relay
Electromagnetic Relay
In an electromagnetic relay the
driving torque is created based on an
electrical or electronic principle.
The restraining torque is generally
provided with the help of springs.
The torques are mechanically
compared and the relay operates
when driving or operating torque is
more than the restraining torque
T R = Td - T r
Where
TR = Resultant torque
Td = Driving torque or
operating torque.
Tr = Restraining torque.
The relay operates When the resultant
torque is positive.
Electromagnetic Attraction
Relays
In these relays , there is a coil which
energizes an electromagnet.
When the operating current becomes
large, the magnetic field produced by an
electromagnet is so high that it attracts
the armature or plunger ,making contact
with the trip circuit contacts.
Types of electromagnetic attraction type
are
(i) Attracted armature relay (ii) Solenoid
and plunger type relay
Operating Principle of
Electromagnetic Attraction Relays
The electromagnetic force produced
due to operating quantity which is
exterted on armature, moving iron or
plunger is the proportional to the
square of the flux in the air gap.
Thus neglecting the saturation effect,
the force is proportional to the
square of the operating current.
Contd.
A relay using a combination of both
static and electromagnetic units is
also called Static relay.
A static relay employs semiconductor
diodes, transistors, Zener diodes ,
SCRs logic gates. etc., as its
components. Nowadays I.Cs are used
in place of transistors because of
their reliability and compactness.
Contd
The static relays are commonly using the
transistor circuits and called transistor
relays.
This because transistors can be used as an
amplifying device as well as a switching
device.
Hence any functional characteristics as per
the requirement can be obtained by the
static relays.
The transistor circuits can perform functions
like summation, integration, comparison etc..
Contd
Generator Protection
The generators used in the power system are
the alternators which produce very high a.c.
voltages. The protection of generators is very
much complex due to the following reasons,
They are very large machines producing very
high voltages and are connected to busbars.
Various other equipments are always
associated with the generators. Such
equipments are prime movers, excitation
systems, voltage regulators, cooling systems
etc.
Contd
The generators are very costly,
expensive and very important factor
in a power system. The Protection
scheme must be such that it should
not shut off the generators as far as
possible.
The shut off generators result in a
power shortage.
Generator Faults
1.Stator Faults : The faults associated
with the stator of the generator.
2. Rotor Faults : The faults associated
with the rotor of the generator.
3. Abnormal running conditions
Stator faults
(i) Phase to Earth faults.
(ii) Phase to phase faults.
(iii) Stator Inter Turn faults.
Rotor Faults
(i) Field Over loading
(ii)Field winding grounding
(iii)Heating of rotor
(iv)Rotor earth fault
Abnormal Running
Conditions
Overloading
Overspeeding
Unbalanced loading
Overvoltage
Failure of Prime mover
Loss of excitation (field failure)
Cooling system failure
Overloading
Overspeeding
In case of hydraulic generators a
sudden loss of load results in over
speeding of the generator.
Due to the water flow to the turbine
cannot be stopped or reduced
instantly.
Unbalanced Loading
In the circulation of negative sequence currents,
produce the rotating magnetic field.
At the synchronous speed with respect to rotor.
The direction of rotation is opposite to that rotor.
The relative speed between the two is double the
synchronous speed, thus e.m.f get induced ,
having double the normal frequency in the rotor
winding.
The reasons are (i) occurrence of unsymmetrical
fault near the generating station.(ii)failure of C.B.
Overvoltage
Due to overspeeding of generators.
Faulty operation of voltage
regulators.
Atmospheric surge voltages
Surge arresters and surge capacitors
are often used.
Loss of Excitation