Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
INSIGHTS
Changes in writing style: Battle-fatigued soldiers referred to as "burdens to the Army"
Changes in permissible topics "The vampire kith and kin" Nature, 1929
Evolution of field, e.g. neuroimaging starts with animals, now address musicality,
Rate of change in 10-15 yrs.
Obsolescence of hard-copies: new volumes no longer offered in stacks.
Sensory aspect of library: "The 'feel' of touching embossed letters of books", "the smell of
old books filled the air."
Grazing and serendipity: From "Learning and memory" to "American Sea Songs"
Serenity of library search: "Look...without the blaring '10,000 articles returned'",
"Calming to sit and read."
The poignancy of "forgotten work" : "the older volumes were stuck together; it was as if
they hadn't been touched in years."
The price of on-line "efficiency": loss of "what it felt like to ...search...the stacks."
Class 6
Concepts and Variables
(concluded)
General
Hypothesis
Specific
Hypothesis
When whites provide performance feedback for substandard work, their feedback will be positively biased
if they believe that the feedback recipient is black
rather than white.
Experimental
Hypothesis
Construct
Operational Definition
White undergraduate
students
instructed to critique
for feedback
Cause
Effect
Antecedent
Consequent
Change in X
Change in Y
Dependent Variable
Feedback bias
Social context
Moral choices
DV
Group pressure
Conformity
Conformity
Feedback bias
Latent Variables
Latentvariablesarevariablesthatcannotbedirectly
measured.
Latentvariablesareemergent theyarisefromthejoint
associationofmoreparticular,measurablevariables.
Latentvariablesaresometimesreferredtoasfactors
Factoranalysisismethodusedtodiscoverandconfirm
latentvariables.
Essay Mechanics
?????
??????
Content:
Independent Variable
Arousal induced by 50
jumping jacks. Arousal is?
Active Variable
Attributive Variable
Latent Variable
Health is affected by
exercise. Health is?
Dependent Variable
Class 7
Moderator:Thelimitingconditionsthatdetermine
andeffectoroutcome(e.g.,when,orforwhom)
Mediator:Theunderlyingcause;Whysomething
occurs.
MODERATOR DEFINED
A moderator is a variable that affects the direction or strength of the
relationship between a predictor (IV) and an outcome (DV).
A B, if C is a moderator model.
A = Predictor
B = Outcome
C = Moderator
Changes in the moderator will affect the relation between IV and DV.
Moderators directly explain how and when events occur (but can
also indirectly indicate why they occur).
Moderator can be:
* qualitative variable (race, sex, etc.)
* quantitative variable (perceived risk, mood)
Controllable Event
(Made Bad Investments)
Event illness
Event illness
r = .56
r = .18
These two results say what about bad events and illness?
Major life events increased illness, IF event is uncontrollable.
Moderator is?
CONTROLLABILITY
MODERATOR MODEL
Predictor (IV)
Moderators (IV)
Predictor X Moderator
P X M Interaction
Must be significant
Recipient race (IV)
Self-image risk(IV)
Race X Risk
p < .005
3.5
3.5
3
Content
Mechanics
2.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
BlackWriter
WhiteWriter
BlackWriter WhiteWriter
Moderator Recipes
a.IVisqualitative(dichotomous,polychotomous,
Mod.isqualitatitve(dichotomous,polychotomous)
b.IVisqualitative,Mod.isquantitative
c.IVisquantitative,Mod.isqualitative
d.IVisquantitative,Mod.isquantitative
Moderator Disclosure
Distress Rating
IV is Qualitative, and Moderator is Qualitative
Moderator Duration
Hill slant
IV is Qualitative, and Moderator is Quantitative
Moderator Gender
Moderator Esteem
MEDIATION
1. History: S R explanations do not address full range of psychological
phenomena. In many cases, SOR makes more sense.
2. Function: Mediational analyses designed to test for SOR causal paths.
3. Mediation Defined: the effects of stimuli on behavior are mediated by
various transformations internal to the organism.
4. Utility: Mediators directly explain why events occur (but can also provide
clues to how and when they occur).
5. Character: Mediators are latent variables, or latent constructs.
Attributes of Mediators
1. Changes in IV account for changes in mediator
2. Changes in mediator account for changes in DV.
3. When links between IV to Mediator, and between Mediator
to DV are established, the link between IV and DV
becomes non-significant, or becomes significantly
decreased.
Mediational Model
Mediator
a
IV
DV
Race of Recipient
Positive Bias
RELATION BETWEEN
MODERATORS AND MEDIATORS
Moderator to mediator: Knowing how external variables
affect outcomes can imply the existence of mediators.
Mediator to Moderator: Knowing why underlying mechanism
affects outcomes can suggest ways of addressing,
remedying, altering the outcome.
____Mediator
+
Self Esteem
+++
Scary Images X Self Esteem
Anxiety
Anxiety as a Function of
Threat Salience and Level of Self Esteem
Greenberg, et al., 2000
60
Anxiety
50
NeutralEsteem
PositiveEsteem
40
30
20
10
0
NeutralVideo
DeathVideo
VisceralPerceptionandNonconsciousFear
Conditioning
____Moderator
X
____Mediator
Conditioned Fear
Stimuli Sensitivity
Ultimate Mediation?
The Epistemological Challenge of Science
Multiple underlying causes:
Disclosure --> Emotional resolution --> less stress --> immune boost --> health
Race of recipient --> egalitarian concerns --> self-image concerns --> bias
Ultimate underlying causes:
Disclosure ---> coping (Pennebaker, 1989)
Disclosure --> [????] --> coping
Disclosure --> self-affirmation --> coping (Cresswell, et al., 2007)
Disclosure --> self-affirmation --> [????] --> coping
Attend.in21stCenturyprogramimproved
performancebyminoritystudents.
21stCenturyprogrambasedontheoryofstereotypethreat.Whenthreatishigh,minoritystudentsdoless
well.
Stereotypethreatisitselfaproblembecauseitcauses
minoritystudentstodisidentifywithacademics.
Whatisthecausalmodel?Whatwouldbestrongand
weakcorrelationallinksinthismodel?
Stereo. Threat
ID with School
Grades
Task: