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GPIB

General Purpose Interface Bus


Yoshita Viraj(13)
Yojitha C (28)

At one time, all electronic test equipment was


built in individual boxes. When it came time
to connect them to a computer, the natural
choice was to use the computer's RS-232
port, but this proved inadequate for anything
other than the simplest tasks.

Origin and Naming

In
the
late
1960s,Hewlett-Packard(HP)
was
manufacturing various automated test and measurement
instruments,
such
as
digitalmillimetersandlogic
analyzers. They developed theHP Interface Bus (HP-IB)to
enable easier interconnection between instruments and
controllers (computers and other instruments)

It was later accepted as IEEE Standard 488-1975, and has


evolved to ANSI/IEEE Standard488.1-1987. Today, the
nameGeneralPurposeInterfaceBus (GPIB) is more
widely used than HP-IB.

Because the original IEEE 488 document contained no


guidelines for a preferred syntax and format
conventions, work continued on the specification to
enhance system compatibility and configurability
among test systems. This work resulted in a
supplement standard, IEEE 488.2, Codes, Formats,
Protocols, and Common Commands, for use with IEEE
488 (which was renamed IEEE 488.1).
IEEE 488.2 does not replace IEEE 488.1. Many devices
still conform only to IEEE 488.1. IEEE 488.2 builds on
IEEE 488.1 by defining a minimum set of device
interface capabilities, a common set of data codes
and formats, a device message protocol, a generic set
of commonly needed device commands, and a new
status reporting model.

The bus was relatively easy to implement using


the technology at the time, using a simple
parallelbusand several individual control lines.
For example, the HP 59501 Power Supply
Programmer and HP 59306A Relay Actuator were
both relatively simple HP-IB peripherals
implemented only inTTL, using no
microprocessor.
HP licensed the HP-IB patents for a nominal fee to
other manufacturers. It became known as the
General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB), and
became ade facto standard for automated and
industrial instrument control. As GPIB became
popular, it was formalized by variousstandards
organizations.

What is GPIB ?
TheANSI/IEEE Standard 488.1-1987, also known
asGeneral Purpose Interface Bus(GPIB), describes a
standard interface for communication between instruments
and controllers from various vendors, such as scanners and
film recorders. TheGeneral Purpose Interface
Bus(GPIB) is a system of hardware and software that
allows you to control test equipment to make measurements
quickly and accurately.

Timeline

Types of GPIB messages


GPIB

devices communicate with other GPIB


devices
by
sending
device-dependent
messages and interface messages through
the
interface
system.
Devicedependentmessages, often calleddataor
data messages, contain device-specific
information,
such
as
programming
instructions, measurement results, machine
status, and data files.

Interfacemessages manage the bus.


Usually calledcommandsor command
messages, interface messages perform
functions such as initializing the bus,
addressing and un-addressing devices,
and setting device modes for remote or
local programming.

CHARACTERISTICS

GPIB is a byte-serial, bit-parallel bus that uses a three-wire


handshake and can connect up to 15 instruments (devices)
to one computer (controller).

It uses a 24-conductor cable with up to two meters


between devices, and 20 meters overall length in
star,linear,or mixed topologies.

The maximum data rate is 1 Mbyte/s, although as cable


length increases, this can decrease to 250 to 500 Kbytes/s.
Usually, the devices on the bus set the overall data rate.

Basic GPIB Concept


The

GPIB or IEEE 488 bus is a very flexible


system, allowing data to flow between any of the
instruments on the bus, at a speed suitable for
the slowest active instrument.

There

must also be no more than 2 m between


two adjacent instruments on the bus.

It

is possible to purchase GPIB cards to


incorporate into computers that do not have the
interface fitted.

As GPIB cards are relatively cheap, this makes


the inclusion of a GPIB card into the system a
very cost effect method of installing it

GPIB/IEEE 488 CABLE

Devices

have a unique address on the bus.


Instruments are allocated addresses in the range
0 to 30, and no two instruments on the same bus
should have the same address.

The

addresses on the instruments can be


changed and this may typically be done via the
front panel, or by using switches often located on
the rear panel.

Active

extenders allow longer buses, with up to


31 devices theoretically possible.

In

the original HPIB protocol, transfers utilize


three wire handshaking system. Using this the
maximum data rate achievable is around 1 Mbyte
per second, but this is always governed by the
speed of the slowest device.

A later enhancement often referred to as HS-488


relaxes the handshaking conditions and enables
data rates up to about 8 Mbytes / second.

The

connector used for the IEEE 488 bus is


standardized as a 24-way Amphenol 57 series type.
This provides an ideal physical interface for the
standard.

The

IEEE 488 or GPIB connector is very similar in


format to those that were used for parallel printer
ports on PCs .

The

connector type used for the GPIB has been


changed so that several connectors can be piggybacked. This helps the physical setting up of the bus
and prevents complications with special connection
boxes or star points.

Within IEEE 488, the equipment on the bus falls into


three categories, although items can fulfil more than
one function:
Controller: As the name suggests, the controller is
the entity that controls the operation of the bus. It is
usually a computer and it signals that instruments
are to perform the various functions. The GPIB
controller also ensures that no conflicts occur on the
bus. If two talkers tried to talk at the same time then
data would become corrupted and the operation of
the whole system would be seriously impaired. It is
possible for multiple controllers to share the same
bus; but only one can act as a controller at any
particular time.

Listener: A listener is an entity connected to the


bus that accepts instructions from the bus. An
example of a listener is an item such as a printer
that only accepts data from the bus.

Talker: This is an entity on the bus that issues


instructions / data onto the bus.

Many items will fulfil more than one function. For


example a voltmeter which is controlled over the bus
will act as a listener when it is being set up, and then
when it is returning the data, it will act as a talker. As
such it is known as a talker / listener.

GPIB Lines
GPIB

consists of 24 lines, which are shared by all


instruments connected to the bus. 16 lines are used for
signals, while eight lines are for ground.

The

signal lines are divided into these groups:


a) Eight data lines
b) Five interface management lines
c) Three handshake lines.

The signal lines use a low-true (negative) logic convention


with TTL levels. This means that a line is low (true or
asserted) when it is a TTL low level, and a line is high (false
or unasserted) when it is a TTL high level. The pin
assignment scheme for a GPIB connector is shown below.

Data Lines
The

eight data lines, DIO1 through DIO8, are used


for transferring data one byte at a time. DIO1 is
the least significant bit, while DIO8 is the most
significant bit. The transferred data can be an
instrument command or a GPIB interface
command.

Data

formats are vendor-specific and can be textbased (ASCII) or binary. GPIB interface commands
are defined by the IEEE 488 standard.

Interface Management Lines


The

interface management lines control the flow


of data across the GPIB interface.

One

can examine the state of the interface


management lines with
theBusManagementStatusproperty.

GPIB In terfac e M an age me nt Lin es

Five lines manage the flow of information across


the interface:
ATN (attention) - The Controller drives ATN true when it
uses the data lines to send commands, and drives ATN
false when a Talker can send data messages.
IFC (interface clear) - The System Controller drives the IFC
line to initialize the bus and become CIC.
REN (remote enable) - The System Controller drives the
REN line, which is used to place devices in remote or local
program mode.
SRQ (service request) - Any device can drive the SRQ line
to asynchronously request service from the Controller.
EOI (end or identify) - The EOI line has two purposes - The
Talker uses the EOI line to mark the end of a message
string, and the Controller uses the EOI line to tell devices
to identify their response in a parallel poll.

Handshake Lines

The three handshake lines, DAV, NRFD, and NDAC,


are used to transfer bytes over the data lines from
the Talker to one or more addressed Listeners.

Before data is transferred, all three lines must be


in the proper state. The active Talker controls the
DAV line and the Listener(s) control the NRFD and
NDAC lines.

The handshake process allows for error-free data


transmission.

Handshake lines
Line

Description

DAV
NRFD

Used by the Talker to indicate that a byte can be read by the


Listeners.
Indicates whether the Listener is ready to receive the byte.

NDAC

Indicates whether the Listener has accepted the byte.

The handshaking process follows these steps:

Initially, the Talker holds the DAV line high indicating no data is available, while
the Listeners hold the NRFD line high and the NDAC line low indicating they are
ready for data and no data is accepted, respectively.

When the Talker puts data on the bus, it sets the DAV line low, which indicates
that the data is valid.

The Listeners set the NRFD line low, which indicates that they are not ready to
accept new data.

The Listeners set the NDAC line high, which indicates that the data is accepted.

When all Listeners indicate that they have accepted the data, the Talker sets the
DAV line high indicating that the data is no longer valid. The next byte of data can
now be transmitted.

The Listeners hold the NRFD line high indicating they are ready to receive data
again, and the NDAC line is held low indicating no data is accepted.

Handshake Lines

GPIB Connector Pins Numbering


The diagram below shows the various pins on the
standard 24 way Amphenol type 57 connector in
order to identify the different pins for the pinout
with their relevant function

GPIB / IEEE 488 connector pin numbering

It is worth noting that the actual pin numbers are written


onto the plastic of the connector by the pins themselves.
This is always worth checking to make sure orientations
are correct and to eliminate errors in interpretation.

GPIB / IEEE 488 connector

GPIB PIN CONNECTIONS TABLE

GPIB PIN
GPIB LINE NAME
GPIB
NO
ABBREVIATI

ON
1
Data Input / Output 1
DIO1
2

Data Input / Output 2

DIO2

Data Input / Output 3

DIO3

Data Input / Output 4

DIO4

End or Identify

EOI

Data Valid

DAV

Not Ready For Data

NRFD

Not Data Accepted

NDAC

Interface Clear

IFC

10

Service Request

SRQ

11

Attention

ATN

12

Shield (Connected to
Earth)

GPIB PIN CONNECTIONS TABLE

GPIB PIN
GPIB LINE NAME
GPIB
NO
ABBREVIATI

ON
13
Data Input / Output 5
DIO5
14

Data Input / Output 6

DIO6

15

Data Input / Output 7

DIO7

16

Data Input / Output 8

DIO8

17

Remote Enable

REN

18

Twisted pair with pin 6

19

Twisted pair with pin 7

20

Twisted pair with pin 8

21

Twisted pair with pin 9

22

Twisted pair with pin 10

23

Twisted pair with pin 11

24

Signal Ground

It

can be seen from the pinout table for the


GPIB connections that the DAV, NRFD and
NDAC handshaking lines all run with twisted
pairs as do IFC, SRQ and ATN.

Again

it can be seen from the pinout table that


the GPIB connections for the data lines do not
have twisted pairs, but are contained within
the overall screening of the cable.

DATA TRANSFER TERMINATION


Termination informs listeners that all data has been
transferred. GPIB data transfer can be terminated in
the following three ways:
The GPIB includes an end-or-Identify(EOI) hardware
line that can be asserted with the last data byte. This
is the preferred method.
Place a specific end-of-string(EOS) character at the
end of the data string itself. Some instruments use
this method in addition to the EOI line assertion.
The listener counts the bytes transferred by
handshaking and stops reading when the listener
reaches the byte count limit. This method is often
used as a default termination method because the
transfer stops on the logical OR of EOI,EOS(if used)
in conjunction with the byte count

DATA TRANSFER RATE


To achieve the high data transfer rate
that the GPIB was designed, one must
limit the number of devices on the bus
and the physical distance between
devices.

Programming Language for GPIB


Systems
Standards

Committee for Programmable


Instruments (SCPI) is the language that is
commonly used for GPIB systems.
It enables the same commands to be used for
any instrument that can execute them.
SCPI also includes instrument-specific commands
that work only on certain devices.

SCPI
Advantages
Many instruments can be controlled by the same
language.
It can be used with both GPIB instruments and VXI.
Syntax is fairly straightforward and it has great
power.

Disadvantage
It can take a while to learn as it's very detailed

Advantages of GPIB
Simple

& standard hardware interface


Interface present on many bench instruments
Rugged connectors & connectors used (although
some insulation displacement cables appear
occasionally).
Possible to connect multiple instruments to a
single controller

Disadvantages of GPIB
Bulky connectors
Cable reliability poor - often as a result of the bulky
cables.
Low bandwidth - slow compared to more modern
interfaces
Basic IEEE 422 does not mandate a command language
(SCPI used in later implementations but not included on
all instruments.

GPIB capability is included on a large number of bench


instruments, but when opting to use the facility to build a
system, it is necessary to consider all the advantages and
disadvantages before committing time and cost to its use.

THE END

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