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Hardware
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
EXAMPLE RASTER
GRAPHICS
ARCHITECTURE Peripheral
CPU devices
System bus
Display System
processor memory
Display
Frame Video
processor Monitor
buffer controller
memory
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Pixels
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Color
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
CRT Monitor
CRT
Shadow Mask
Electron Guns
Red Input
Green
Input
Blue Input
Deflection
Yoke Red, Blue,
and Green
Phosphor Dots
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Electron Gun
•Electrons are focused with an electromagnet into a sharp beam and directed
to a specific point of the face of the picture tube.
•The front surface of the picture tube is coated with small phosphor dots.
•When the beam hits a phosphor dot it glows with a brightness proportional to
the strength of the beam and how often it is excited by the beam.
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
CRT Phosphor Screen
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Color CRT
•Red, Green and Blue electron guns. G R B G
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Scanning An
Image
Frame: The image to be scanned out on the CRT.
•Some minimum number of frames must be displayed each second to eliminate
flicker in the image.
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Scannin
g
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Interlaced Scanning
1 /3 0 S E C 1 /3 0 S E C
1 /6 0 S E C 1 /6 0 S E C 1 /6 0 S E C 1 /6 0 S E C
FIEL D 1 F IE L D 2 F IE L D 1 FIEL D 2
FR A M E FR A M E
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
Wavefront
distortion
Small Diffuser filter
fluorescent LCD Linear
tubes Linear Module Color Polarizer
Polarizer Filter
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
LCDs
(cont.)
B R G B R G B R
R G B R G B R G
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
CRTs (cont.)
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Frame Buffers
1 bit
2 levels
Electron
Gun
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
3-Bit Color Display
3
red
green
blue
R 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
G 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
B 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
True Color Display
24 bitplanes, 8 bits per color gun. 224 = 16,777,216
N Red
Green
Blue
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Color Map Look-Up
Tables
Extends the number of colors that can be displayed by a given number of
bit-planes.
y RED
max
GREEN
255
BLUE
1
1
0
y 0
0 67 Pixel displayed
0
1 1001 1010 0001
0
67100110100001 at x', y'
R G B
Pixel in
bit map 0
0 at x', y'
0 x x
max
Image from
www.catenary.com/howto/
pseudo.html
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Display Processor
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Video Controller
Cycles through the frame buffer, one scan line at a time. Contents of the
memory are used to control the CRT's beam intensity or color.
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Projection
Displays
• Use bright CRT or LCD
screens to generate an image
which is sent through an
optical system to focus on a
(usually) large screen.
• Full color obtained by
having separate
monochromatic projector for
each of the R,G,& B color
channels
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Basic Projector Designs
(Images from Phillips Research)
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Advantages/D
isadvantages
of Projection
•Display
Very large screens can provide large field of view and can
be seen by several people simultaneously.
• Image quality can be fuzzy and somewhat dimmer than
conventional displays.
• Sensitive to ambient light.
• Delicate optical alignment.
• Less eye strain
• Very immersive
• Very expensive
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Displays in Virtual Reality
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Larry F. Hodges (modified by H.Quynh Dinh 11/02)
Input
Devices
• Locator Devices: to indicate a position and/or orientation
e.g. Tablet, Mouse, Trackball, Joystick, Touch Panel, Light Pen
• Scanner
– Image Scanners, e.g. Flatbed, etc
What type of data is returned? Bitmap