Lucas F.

Berti

EngMat

Transferncia de
Calor e Massa
Prof. Lucas Freitas Berti
Engenharia de Materiais - UTFPR

Ementa

EngMat
DISCIPLINA/UNIDADE
CURRICULAR

TRANSFERNCIA DE CALOR E MASSA

Lucas F. Berti

CDIGO PERODO

EM96D

CARGA HORRIA
AT
(aulas)

AP
(aulas)

34

17

APS
(aulas)
03

AD
(aulas)

Total
(aulas)
54

Total
(horas)
45

AT: Atividades Tericas, AP: Atividades Prticas, APS: Atividades Prticas Supervisionadas, AD: Atividades a Distncia,

PR-REQUISITO

Fsica 2; Equaes Diferenciais Ordinrias

EQUIVALNCI
A
OBJETIVOS
Ao final da disciplina o aluno ser capaz de: apontar os principais fenmenos de transferncia de calor e massa;
distinguir os principais processos de transferncia de calor e massa; identificar os regimes de transferncia de calor
e massa.

EMENTA
Introduo aos fenmenos e transferncia de calor; conduo em regime permanente; conduo em regime
transitrio; radiao trmica; transferncia de calor por conveco; transferncia de massa; mecanismos de difuso
de massa.

EngMat

Ementa

Lucas F. Berti

PROCEDIMENTOS DE ENSINO
AULAS TERICAS
Aulas expositivas dialogadas, permeadas com atividades de resoluo de exerccios e questes propostas. Como meios de
ensino sero utilizados lousa e equipamento multimdia. Durante as aulas tericas, os alunos sero freqentemente
incentivados a participar a fim de esclarecer dvidas e contribuir com exemplos e sugestes, alm de tornar a aula mais
dinmica e produtiva.

AULAS PRTICAS
Atividades prticas realizadas nos laboratrios do curso de Engenharia de Materiais da UTFPR-LD. Pesquisas em
bibliotecas e internet, apresentao de trabalhos na forma de seminrios relacionados disciplina aplicada a engenharia de
materiais. Os contedos dos relatrios das aulas prticas sero cobrados na prova escrita.

ATIVIDADES PRTICAS SUPERVISIONADAS

Alguns exerccios sero indicados para resoluo, antes da prova. No dia da resoluo dos exerccios ser realizado um
sorteio com os alunos para a resoluo dos exerccios em sala de aula, onde o aluno sorteado poder ser questionado
sobre os conceitos envolvidos na sua resoluo. O aluno sorteado fica excludo do sorteio posterior, s retornando aps
este. Todos os alunos devem participar ao menos 2 (duas) vezes, de modo que, nos ltimos captulos os alunos que ainda
no tiverem sido sorteados participaro de um sorteio especial com apenas os alunos nesta situao. A avaliao ser feita
segundo: resoluo correta, clareza, organizao e desenvoltura aos questionamentos. Em outra atividade ser necessrio
fazer resumo de aula, escolhida aleatoriamente, de forma a motivar o aluno a prestar ateno nas aulas (o nmero de
resumos ser entre 1 e 3, de acordo com a combinao entre professor e alunos). A nota da atividade prtica supervisionada
dos alunos ser 10% da mdia final.
ATIVIDADES A DISTNCIA
No possui. Disciplina exclusivamente presencial.
ATIVIDADES PRTICAS COMO COMPONENTE CURRICULAR

Ementa

EngMat

Lucas F. Berti

PROCEDIMENTOS DE AVALIAO
A Mdia Parcial (MP) ser o resultado da mdia aritmtica das quatro notas parciais, MP = [(2*NP1 + 3*NP2 + 1*NP3+
1*NP4)/7]
As notas NP1, NP2 e NP3 so as notas das trs avaliaes tericas e escritas. A nota NP4 referente apresentao de
seminrios relacionados aos temas da rea de materiais metlicos.
A mdia final (MF) ser: MF = MPx0,9 + APSx0,1.
Caso o aluno falte a alguma das avaliaes escritas, dever verificar o Artigo 36 da Resoluo n 112/10-COEPP. No
haver segunda chamada dos seminrios.
A avaliao substitutiva, realizada para possibilitar a recuperao do aproveitamento acadmico, substituir a menor nota
das avaliaes parciais, ser escrita e realizada com todo o contedo da matria. Apenas os alunos com mdia final inferior
a 6,0 podero fazer a prova substitutiva. A data de realizao da avaliao substitutiva est na programao e no haver
segunda chamada desta avaliao. A avaliao substitutiva ter peso igual prova substituda.

INFORMAES COMPLEMENTARES
Presena: A presena em sala de aula ser verificada atravs de chamada. O aluno ter que ter um mnimo de 75% de
presena, do contrrio no sero computadas as notas do aluno.
Celulares: Celulares em sala de aula somente em modo silencioso.
Grupos de discusso: Estudo e discusso de exerccios em grupos so permitidos, porm cada aluno deve apresentar suas
solues individuais para qualquer material a receber nota.
Trabalhos prticos: Os trabalhos prticos sero em grupo e na apresentao algum dos alunos ser sorteado para
apresentao.
Poltica para desconto por atraso: A frmula para o valor, em pontos, por atraso na entrega do trabalho prtico : 1 + (2 d-1)
onde d o atraso em dias teis, para d 1. Note que aps o quinto dia, o trabalho no ter mais validade.
Obs. Sero tolerados 15 minutos de atraso para entrada na sala de aula, em caso de urgncia/emergncia, quando avisado,
ser liberada a entrada na sala de aula.

EngMat

Ementa

PROGRAMAO E CONTEDOS DAS AULAS (PREVISO)

Dia/Ms ou
Contedo das Aulas
Semana
09/10
Apresentao da disciplina e das Atividades Prticas Supervisionadas
16/10
conduo em regime permanente
23/10
conduo em regime permanente
30/10
conduo em regime transitrio
06/11
conduo em regime transitrio
13/11
1 Avaliao
27/11
transferncia de calor por conveco
04/12
transferncia de calor por conveco
11/12
transferncia de massa
18/12
mecanismos de difuso de massa.
22/01
mecanismos de difuso de massa.
29/01
2 avaliao
05/02
radiao trmica
12/02
3 avaliao
19/02
Avaliao substitutiva
26/02
Vista de prova substitutiva e Encerramento da disciplina

Lucas F. Berti

Nmero de
Aulas
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

EngMat

Ementa

Lucas F. Berti

REFERNCIAS
Referencias Bsicas:
INCROPERA, Frank P. DEWITT, David P., BERGMAN, Theodore L., LAVINE, Adrienne. Fundamentos de

transferncia de calor e de massa. 6. ed. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: LTC, 2008. xix, 643 p. + CD-ROM ISBN 8521613784.
ENGEL, Yunus A.; GHAJAR, Afshin J. Transferncia de calor e massa: uma abordagem prtica. 4. ed. So

Paulo: McGraw-Hill, Bookman, AMGH, 2012. 902 p. + CD-ROM ISBN 9788580551273.

CREMASCO, Marco Aurlio. Fundamentos de transferncia de massa. 2. ed. Campinas, SP: Editora da UNICAMP,

2002. 725 p. ISBN 8526805959.

Referncias Complementares:

LIENHARD V, John H., LIENHARD IV, John H., A Heat Transfer Textbook: Fourth Edition, 6. ed. Ed. Dover
Publications, 2011, 768 p. ISBN: 978-0486479316; Tambm disponvel em formato virtual em:
http://web.mit.edu/lienhard/www/ahtt.html
BEJAN, A. & KRAUS, A.D.. Heat Transfer Handbook. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 2003. 1480p

KREITH, F., BOHN, M.S., 2003. Princpios de Transferncia de Calor. So Paulo, SP: Thomson, 623p. ISBN

8522102848
BIRD, R. Byron; STEWART, Warren E; LIGHTFOOT, Edwin N. Transport phenomena. 2nd ed. rev. New York: J.

Wiley, 2007. xii, 905 p. : ISBN 9780470115398

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat

Transferncia de
Calor e Massa
Prof. Lucas Freitas Berti
Engenharia de Materiais - UTFPR

Ementa

EngMat

Lucas F. Berti

EMENTA
Transcal:
Introduo aos fenmenos e transferncia de calor;
Conduo:
conduo em regime permanente;
conduo em regime transiente;

Conveco:
transferncia de calor por conveco;

Radiao:
radiao trmica;

Transmassa:
mecanismos de difuso de massa.
Difuso;
Conveco.

EngMat

Heat Transfer:
Physical Origins
and
Rate Equations
Chapter One
Sections 1.1 and 1.2

Lucas F. Berti

Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy

EngMat

Lucas F. Berti

What is heat transfer?

Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit due to a temperature
difference.

What is thermal energy?

Thermal energy is associated with the translation, rotation,
vibration and electronic states of the atoms and molecules
that comprise matter. It represents the cumulative effect of
microscopic activities and is directly linked to the temperature
of matter.

Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy (cont.)

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat

DO NOT confuse or interchange the meanings of Thermal Energy, Temperature and

HeatMeaning
Transfer
Quantity
Symbol
Units
Thermal Energy+

Energy associated with microscopic behavior of

matter

U or u

J or J/kg

Temperature

A means of indirectly assessing the amount of

thermal energy stored in matter

K or C

Heat Transfer

Thermal energy transport due to temperature

gradients

Heat

Amount of thermal energy transferred over a

time interval t 0

Heat Rate

Thermal energy transfer per unit time

Heat Flux

Thermal energy transfer per unit time and surface

area

W/m 2

+
U Thermal energy of system
u Thermal energy per unit mass of system

Modes of Heat Transfer

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat

Conduction:
liquid) due to

Heat transfer in a solid or a stationary fluid (gas or

the random motion of its constituent atoms,

molecules and /or
Convection:
Heat transfer due to the combined influence of
electrons.
bulk and
random motion for fluid flow over a surface.
Radiation:
Energy that is emitted by matter due to changes in the
electron
configurations of its atoms or molecules and is transported
as
electromagnetic waves (or photons).
Conduction and convection require the presence of temperature variations
in a material
medium. radiation originates from matter, its transport does not require
Although
a material

Heat Transfer Rates: Conduction

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat
Conduction:
General (vector) form of Fouriers Law:

q k T
Heat fluxThermal conductivity
Temperature gradient
C/m or K/m
W/m 2
W/m K

Application to one-dimensional, steady conduction across a

plane wall of constant thermal conductivity:

qx k

qx k

Heat rate (W): qx qx A

dT
T T1
k 2
dx
L

T1 T2
L

(1.2)

Heat Transfer Rates: Convection

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat

Convection
Relation of convection to flow over a surface and development
of velocity and thermal boundary layers:

Newtons law of cooling:

q h Ts T
h : Convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m 2 K)

(1.3a)

Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat
Radiation Heat transfer at a gas/surface interface involves radiation
emission from the surface and may also involve the
absorption of radiation incident from the surroundings
if Ts T .
(irradiation, ),Gas well as convection
Energy outflow due to emission:
E Eb Ts4

E : Emissive power W/m

: Surface emissivity 0 1
2

(1.5)

Eb : Emissive power of a blackbody (the perfect emitter)

: Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.6710 -8W/m 2 K 4

Energy absorption due to irradiation:

Gabs G

Gabs :Absorbed incident radiation (W/m 2 )

: Surface absorptivity 0 1
G : Irradiation W/m 2

Heat Transfer Rates Radiation (Cont.)

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat

Irradiation: Special case of surface exposed to large

Tsur
surroundings of uniform temperature,
4
G Gsur Tsur

If , the net radiation heat flux from the

surface due to exchange with the surroundings is:
4
Eb Ts G Ts4 Tsur
qrad

(1.7)

Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation (Cont.)

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat
Alternatively,

h r Ts Tsur
qrad

(1.8)

2
h r Ts Tsur Ts2 Tsur

(1.9)

h r : Radiation heat transfer coefficient W/m 2 K

For combined convection and radiation,

qrad
h Ts T hr Ts Tsur
q qconv

(1.10)

Process Identification

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat
Problem 1.73(a): Process identification for single-and double-pane windows

Schematic:

qconvConvection
,1
from room air to inner surface of first pane
qrad ,1 Net radiation exchange between room walls and inner surface of first pane
qcond ,1 Conduction through first pane
qconv ,s
Convection across airspace between panes
qrad ,s
Net radiation exchange between outer surface of first pane and inner surface of second pane (across
qcond ,2 airspace)
Conduction through a second pane
qconv ,2 Convection from outer surface of single (or second) pane to ambient air
qrad ,2 Net radiation exchange between outer surface of single (or second) pane and surroundings such as
qs
the
ground
Incident
solar radiation during day; fraction transmitted to room is smaller for double

EngMat

Conservation of Energy
Chapter One
Section 1.3

Lucas F. Berti

Alternative Formulations

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
(FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS)
An important tool in heat transfer analysis, often
providing the basis for determining the temperature
of a system.
Alternative Formulations
Time Basis:
At an instant
or
Over a time interval

Type of System:
Control volume
Control surface

CV at an Instant and over a Time Interval

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat

APPLICATION TO A CONTROL VOLUME

At an Instant of Time:
Note representation of system by a
control surface (dashed line) at the
boundaries.

Surface
Phenomena
g
g

E in E out :
,

rate of thermal and/or mechanical energy transfer across the control

surface due to heat transfer, fluid flow and/or work interactions.

Volumetric
Phenomena
g

Eg :

rate of thermal energy generation due to conversion from another enegy form

(e.g., electrical, nuclear, or chemical); energy conversion process occurs within the system.
g

E st :

rate of change of energy storage in the system.

Conservation
g
g
gof Energy
g
dE

E in E out E g

st
dt

E st

(1.11c)

Each term has units of J/s or W.

Over a Time Interval

Ein Eout Eg Est

Each term has units of J.

(1.11b)

Closed System

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat
Special Cases (Linkages to
Thermodynamics)
(i) Transient
Process for a Closed System of Mass (M) Assuming Heat Transfer
to the System (Inflow) and Work Done by the System (Outflow).

Over a time interval

Q W Esttot

(1.11a)

For negligible changes in potential or kinetic energy

Q W U t

Internal thermal energy

At an instant
g
dU t
q W
dt

Example 1.3

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat
Example 1.3: Application to thermal response of a conductor with Ohmic
heating (generation):

Involves change in thermal energy and for an incompressible substance.

dU t
dT
Mc
dt
dt
q
Heat transfer is from the conductor (negative
)
g
W
Generation may be viewed as electrical work done on the system
(negative
)

Surface Energy Balance

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat

THE SURFACE ENERGY BALANCE

ecial case for which no volume or mass is encompassed by the control surface.

Conservation
Energy (Instant in Time):
g
g

Ein E out 0

(1.12)

Applies for steady-state and transient conditions.

th no mass and volume, energy storage and generation are not pertinent to the energy
alance, even if they occur in the medium bounded by the surface.

sider surface of wall with heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation.

0
qcond
qconv
qrad
k

T1 T2
4
h T2 T 2 T24 Tsur
0
L

Methodology

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat

METHODOLOGY OF FIRST LAW ANALYSIS

On a schematic of the system, represent the control surface
by
dashed line(s).
Choose the appropriate time basis.

Identify relevant energy transport, generation and/or storage terms

by labeled arrows on the schematic.
Write the governing form of the Conservation of Energy requirement.
Substitute appropriate expressions for terms of the energy equation.
Solve for the unknown quantity.

Problem: Silicon Wafer

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat
Problem 1.43: Thermal processing of silicon wafers in a two-zone furnace.
Determine (a) the initial rate of change of the wafer temperature
and (b) the steady-state temperature.

SCHEMATIC:

Problem: Silicon Wafer (cont.)

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat

E in E out E st

or, per unit surface area

,h qrad
,c qcv
,u qcv
,l cd
qrad

d Tw
dt

d Tw
4
4
4
4
Tsur
,h Tw Tsur ,c Tw hu Tw T hl Tw T cd dt

0.65 5.67 108 W / m 2 K 4 15004 3004 K 4 0.65 5.67 10 8 W / m 2

K 4 330 4

8 W / m 2 K 300 700 K 4 W / m 2
K 300
700 K
2700 kg / m3 875J / kg K 0.00078 m d Tw / dt i

d Tw / dt i 104 K / s

3004 K 4

Problem: Silicon Wafer (cont.)

Lucas F. Berti

EngMat

4
4
0.65 15004 Tw,ss
K 4 0.65 3304 Tw,ss
K4

8 W / m 2 K Tw,ss 700 K 4 W / m 2
K Tw,ss
Tw,ss 1251 K

700 K