Conduction &

Convection

Quiz 9 2014.01.27
A flat furnace wall is constructed with a 4.5-inch layer
of refractory brick (k = 0.080 Btu/fthF) backed by a
9-inch layer of common brick (k = 0.800 Btu/fthF)
and a 2-inch layer of silica foam (k = 0.032
Btu/fthF). The temperature of the inner face of the
wall is 1200F, and that of the outer face is 170F.
a. What is the temperature of the interface between
the refractory brick and the common brick?
b. What would be the temperature of the outer face if
the silica foam is placed between the two brick
layers?

TIME IS UP!!!

Outline
2. Conduction Heat Transfer
2.1. Series/Parallel
Resistances
2.2. Geometric
Considerations
3. Convection Heat Transfer
3.1. Heat Transfer Coefficient
3.2. Dimensionless Groups for

Geometric Considerations
Heat Conduction Through Concentric
Cylinders

Geometric Considerations
Heat Conduction Through Concentric
Cylinders

Geometric Considerations
Heat Conduction Through Concentric
Cylinders

Geometric Considerations
Heat Conduction Through Hollow
Spheres

Integrati
ng both
sides:

Geometric Considerations
Heat Conduction Through Hollow
Spheres

Rearrangi
ng:

Geometric Considerations
Heat Conduction Through Hollow
Spheres
Define a geometric mean area:

and a geometric mean

radius:

*Final form

Shell Balance
Plane Wall/Slab

Shell Balance
Plane Wall/Slab

Shell Balance
Plane Wall/Slab

Shell Balance
Plane Wall/Slab

Shell Balance
Cylinder

Shell Balance
Sphere

Heat Transfer Coefficient

Convection Heat
Transfer

Where:
Q = heat flow rate
A = heat transfer area
h = heat transfer
coefficient
Tw = temperature at solid
wall

Useful
Tf = temperature
at bulk
Conversion:
fluid

Heat Transfer Coefficient

Convection Heat
Transfer

Where:
Q = heat flow rate
Driving
A = heat transfer area force

h = heat transfer
coefficient
Tw = temperature at solid
wall
Tf = temperature at bulk Thermal
Resistance
fluid

Heat Transfer Coefficient

Dimensionless Groups
Thermal conductivities are easy to determine
by calorimetric experiments, but heat transfer
coefficients require the analysis of transfer
mechanisms.
Mechanism Ratio
Analysis
1. Heat, mass, and momentum transport
are described by differential equations of
change.

e.g.

Dv

p g 2 v
Dt

NavierStokes
Eqn

Dimensionless Groups
Thermal conductivities are easy to determine
by calorimetric experiments, but heat transfer
coefficients require the analysis of transfer
mechanisms.
Mechanism Ratio
Analysis
2. However, these equations are complex
and most of the time difficult to
solve/integrate.
Dv

p g 2 v
Dt

Dimensionless Groups
Thermal conductivities are easy to determine
by calorimetric experiments, but heat transfer
coefficients require the analysis of transfer
mechanisms.
Mechanism Ratio
Analysis
3. But still, valuable information is
described in these equations, relating the
different forces.
Pressure
v
Inertia DForces

p g 2 v Viscous
l
Dt
Forces
Forces

Dimensionless Groups
Thermal conductivities are easy to determine
by calorimetric experiments, but heat transfer
coefficients require the analysis of transfer
mechanisms.
Mechanism Ratio
Analysis
4. In the Mechanism Ratio Analysis,
solving the equations of change is
replaced by empiricism.
Inertia Pressu Viscous
Forces
l
re
Forces Forces

Dimensionless Groups
Thermal conductivities are easy to determine
by calorimetric experiments, but heat transfer
coefficients require the analysis of transfer
mechanisms.
Mechanism Ratio
Analysis
5. This is done by just
Pressu
Viscous
taking the ratio of the
Forces
re

mechanisms and making Forces

Inertia
them into dimensionless Inertia
l
l
groups.
Forces
Forces

Dimensionless Groups
Reynolds Number, Re
the ratio of inertial to
viscous forces.
Euler Number, Eu the
ratio of pressure to inertial
forces.

Pressu
re

Forces
Inertia
l
Forces

Viscous
Forces
Inertia
l
Forces

Dimensionless Groups
Reynolds Number, Re
the ratio of inertial to
viscous forces.
Euler Number, Eu the
ratio of pressure to inertial
forces.

If the phenomenon is so complex that

negligible knowledge can be gained from
the investigation of the differential
equations, then empirical processes are
available for evolving dimensionless
groupings of the involved variables.
Foust, 1980

Dimensionless Groups
Useful dimensionless groups for Heat
Transfer:
Dim.
Group

Ratio

Prandtl, Pr

molecular diffusivity of
momentum / molecular
diffusivity of heat

heat convection / heat

Nusselt, Nu
conduction
cP = specific heat (J/kg-K)
= viscosity (Pa-s)
D = characteristic length
(diameter) (m)
k = thermal conductivity (W/m-K)
h = heat transfer coefficient
(W/m2-K)

Equation

Dimensionless Groups
Correlations for Heat Transfer
Coefficients:

Dittus-Boelter
Equation

(for forced convection/

turbulent, horizontal
tubes)

Sieder-Tate
Equation

(for forced convection/

turbulent,
Re > 10000 & 0.5 < Pr <
100)

n = 0.4 when fluid is

heated
n = 0.3 when fluid is
cooled

Dimensionless Groups
Exercise!
An organic liquid enters a 0.834-in. ID
horizontal steel tube, 3.5 ft long, at a rate of
5000 lb/hr. You are given that the specific
heat, thermal conductivity, and viscosity of
the liquid is 0.565 Btu/lb-F, 0.0647 Btu/hr-ftF, and 0.59 lb/ft-hr, respectively. All these
properties are assumed constant. If the
liquid is being cooled, determine the insidetube heat transfer coefficient using the
Dittus-Boelter Equation.